Week 5 Quiz Concepts 1. Definition of Gene Expression - This is the process by which information flows from genes to proteins. See Central Dogma below. 2. PCR vs. DNA Replication vs. Transcription -...

Its a multiple choice quiz exam. I cannot open it, its 20 questions. Please have Vidya do it for me.


Week 5 Quiz Concepts 1. Definition of Gene Expression - This is the process by which information flows from genes to proteins.  See Central Dogma below.   2. PCR vs. DNA Replication vs. Transcription - DNA replication is review on pg. 204-208 while PCR is reviewed on pg. 227-228 in Openstax. DNA strands are separated by helicase enzymes in DNA replication, while they are separated by heat in PCR. Transcription is on pgs. 210-212   3. The Structural Difference between DNA and RNA: DNA is composed of a nitrogenous base bound to deoxyribose (a sugar), which is bound to a phosphate (PO4-) group.  RNA is composed in the same manner except that ribose replaces deoxyribose.  Additionally, RNA uses the uracil nitrogenous base, while DNA uses the thymine.  pg. 49-50 in OpenStax. Individual DNA strands are held together by covalent bonds while hydrogen bonds hold the complementary strands together.   4. Amino Acid mutations -Various types of DNA mutations can impact amino acid/protein sequences.  Generally speaking, nonsense mutations that occur early in the sequence have the most deleterious effect. SImilarly, frameshift mutations that occur early in the sequence will alter the rest of the amino acid sequence. When these mutations occur at the end of the amino acid sequence their impact is far less severe.  Silent and Missense mutations only impact a single amino acid and therefore do have a huge effect on the protein.   5. RNA vs. DNA - Remember DNA uses bases A, T, G, C, while RNA uses bases A, U, G, and C.   6. Transcription - This is the process through which the DNA sequence is rewritten into mRNA. mRNA serves as the middleman for DNA and proteins. See pgs. 210-212 in OpenStax.   7. Effect of Non-disjunction in Meiosis I vs. II - Pgs. 165 in OpenStax. If non-disjunction occurrs at Meiosis I, then you will end up with two gametes missing the chromosome and two gametes carrying an extra copy of the chromosome. If non-disjunction occurs in Meiosis II, then you will have two normal gametes, one gamete missing the chromosome, and one gamete with an extra chromosome.   8. The DNA sequence within a single organism is the same in all cells of that organism. Different cell types (e.g. brain vs. liver) express different genes on the DNA.   9. Codon Chart to get from tRNA to Amino Acids - pg. 214  in OpenStax can help you learn how to use the codon chart.   10. DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle, which is prior to mitosis or meiosis. Pgs 137-143 in OpenStax.   11. In the structure of DNA, it is the nitrogenous bases that contains the genetic info.   12. Semi-conservative Replication - pg. 221 in OpenStax.  Each daughter cell of mitosis gets one strand of the parental DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA.  See this link for information about the historic experiment that showed this phenomenon: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/semi-conservative-dna-replication-meselson-and-stahl-421.   13. Central Dogma - DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into a protein sequence (this is the expressed trait/phenotype). This is covered on pg. 210 in OpenStax. For a short video on transcription go to: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna-transcription-basic-detail.  For a short video on translation go to: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/translation-basic-detail.  See the Central Dogma Song: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/central-dogma-song.   14. Diploid vs. Haploid Cells - Diploid cells contain two copies of every chromosome. These are somatic and germ cells in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Haploid cells only contain 1 copy of each chromosome (gametes - sperm and eggs). pg. 136in OpenStax. The learning activities are really useful on this page to help you get used to counting chromosomes, chromosome sets and practicing the difference between diploid and haploid.   15. Mitochondrial DNA is most often used in the study of evolutionary relationships. Pg. 242 in OpenStax.   16. GMOs are discussed on pgs. 224-235 in OpenStax. Review this information.   17. Gene expression is controlled on many levels in eukaryotic cells. Regulation is different than in prokaryotic organisms. Pgs. 216-218 in OpenStax.   18. The study of proteomics involves analyzing the proteome (i.e. all of the proteins made by a cell type). Pgs. 243-244 in OpenStax.