It is well known, and scientifically documented, that yawning is contagious. When we see someone else yawn, or even think about someone yawning, we are very likely to yawn ourselves. (In fact, we...

Extracted text: It is well known, and scientifically documented, that yawning is contagious. When we see someone else yawn, or even think about someone yawning, we are very likely to yawn ourselves. (In fact, we predict that you are starting to want to yawn right now.) In a study of yawning contagion, researchers showed participants one of several pictures, including a picture of a man yawning, the same man smiling, a yawning man with his mouth covered, or a yawning man with his eyes obscured (Provine et al. 1989). Participants yawned much more often when shown the yawner than the smiler, but surprisingly an identical number also yawned when shown the picture with the mouth obscured. This suggests that something besides the mouth is an important trigger. What about the eyes? Seventeen of 30 participants yawned when confronted with a picture of a yawning man, while 11 of 30 independent participants yawned when shown a picture of a yawning man with his eyes covered. Is there evidence in these data that covering the yawning man's eyes in an image changes the occurrence of contagious yawns? To answer this question, perform the x? contingency test. The null and alternative hypotheses are as follows: Họ: Covering the eyes and frequency of yawning are independent. HA: Covering the eyes and frequency of yawning are not independent. Calculate the x? statistic and the critical value for the x distribution. Assume a significance level a = 0.05 when using Statistical A. Give your answers to two decimal places. x2 statistic: critical value:


Extracted text: x2 Distribution 0.999 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 JP 1 0.0000016 0.000039 0.00016 0.00098 0.00393 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88 10.83 0.002 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60 13.82 3 0.02 0.07 0.11 0.22 0.35 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84 16.27 0.09 0.21 0.30 0.48 0.71 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47 5 0.21 0.41 0.55 0.83 1.15 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.52 6. 0.38 0.68 0.87 1.24 1.64 12.59/ 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46 18.48 20.28 24.32 14.07 15.51 0.60 0.99 1.24 1.69 2.17 16.01 8. 0.86 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12 9. 1.15 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88 10 1.48 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59 11 1.83 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 19.68 21.92 24.72 26.76 31.26 12 2.21 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91 13 2.62 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53 14 3.04 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12 15 3.48 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70 16 3.94 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25 17 4.42 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79 18 4.90 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31 19 5.41 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.12 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82 20 5.92 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.85 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31 21 6.45 8.03 8.90 10.28 11.59 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80 22 6.98 8.64 9.54 10.98 12.34 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27 23 7.53 9.26 10.20 11.69 13.09 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73 24 8.08 9.89 10.86 12.40 13.85 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18 25 8.65 10.52 11.52 13.12 14.61 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62 26 9.22 11.16 12.20 13.84 15.38 38.89 41.92 45.64 48.29 54.05 27 9.80 11.81 12.88 14.57 16.15 40.11 43.19 46.96 49.64 55.48 28 10.39 12.46 13.56 15.31 16.93 41.34 44.46 48.28 50.99 56.89 29 10.99 13.12 14.26 16.05 17.71 42.56 45.72 49.59 52.34 58.30 30 11.59 13.79 14.95 16.79 18.49 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70 31 12.20 14.46 15.66 17.54 19.28 44.99 48.23 52.19 55.00 61.10 32 12.81 15.13 16.36 18.29 20.07 46.19 49.48 53.49 56.33 62.49 33 13.43 15.82 17.07 19.05 20.87 47.40 50.73 54.78 57.65 63.87 34 14.06 16.50 17.79 19.81 21.66 48.60 51.97 56.06 58.96 65.25 35 14.69 17.19 18.51 20.57 22.47 49.80 53.20 57.34 60.27 66.62 36 15.32 17.89 19.23 21.34 23.27 51.00 54.44 58.62 61.58 67.99 37 15.97 18.59 19.96 22.11 24.07 52.19 55.67 59.89 62.88 69.35 38 16.61 19.29 20.69 22.88 24.88 53.38 56.90 61.16 64.18 70.70 39 17.26 20.00 21.43 23.65 25.70 54:57 58.12 62.43 65.48 72.05 40 17.92 20.71 22.16 24.43 26.51 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40 41 18.58 21.42 22.91 25.21 27.33 56.94 60.56 64.95 68.05 74.74 42 19.24 22.14 23.65 26.00 28.14 58.12 61.78 66.21 69.34 76.08 43 19.91 22.86 24.40 26.79 28.96 59.30 62.99 67.46 70.62 77.42 44 20.58 23.58 25.15 27.57 29.79 60.48 64.20 68.71 71.89 78.75 45 21.25 24.31 25.90 28.37 30.61 61.66 65.41 69.96 73.17 80.08 46 21.93 25.04 26.66 29.16 31.44 62.83 66.62 71.20 74.44 81.40 47 22.61 25.77 27.42 29.96 32.27 64.00 67.82 72.44 75.70 82.72 48 23.29 26.51 28.18 30.75 33.10 65.17 69.02 73.68 76.97 84.04 49 23.98 27.25 28.94 31.55 33.93 66.34 70.22 74.92 78.23 85.35 50 24.67 27.99 29.71 32.36 34.76 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66