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Table 15.7 Comparison of OD and U.S. Values on Hofstede’s Dimensions OD Values U.S. Values Power Distance Low Medium Uncertainty Avoidance Low Low Individualism—Collectivism Medium High Masculinity—Femininity Low (femininity) High (masculinity) Short-Term Versus Long-Term Orientation Short-Term Orientation The focus is on immediate profits, short-term gain, and rapid achievement of results. There is a greater tendency to spend versus save. People are highly concerned with status. What is “right” is always right, regardless of situation. Long-Term Orientation The focus is on later profits, competitive positioning, and sustained results. There is a greater tendency to save for later versus spend now. People are more concerned with social inequality than current status. What is “right” varies by circumstance and is not universally applicable. Indulgence Versus Restraint Indulgent A high degree of importance is placed on friendship, networks, leisure time, and enjoying life. There is less emphasis on moral discipline. Maintaining societal order is not a high priority. Restrained A lower degree of importance is placed on friendship, networks, and leisure time. There is a higher emphasis on moral discipline, and high importance is placed on maintaining social order. Short-Term Versus Long-Term Orientation Short-Term Orientation The focus is on immediate profits, short-term gain, and rapid achievement of results. There is a greater tendency to spend versus save. People are highly concerned with status. What is “right” is always right, regardless of situation. Long-Term Orientation The focus is on later profits, competitive positioning, and sustained results. There is a greater tendency to save for later versus spend now. People are more concerned with social inequality than current status. What is “right” varies by circumstance and is not universally applicable. Indulgence Versus Restraint Indulgent A high degree of importance is placed on friendship, networks, leisure time, and enjoying life. There is less emphasis on moral discipline. Maintaining societal order is not a high priority. Restrained A lower degree of importance is placed on friendship, networks, and leisure time. There is a higher emphasis on moral discipline, and high importance is placed on maintaining social order. The self is the basic unit. Employees prefer to work and be managed and rewarded as individuals. Sacrifice for the benefit of the collective is less persuasive. Masculinity The organization is a competitive environment where performance and action are the central objectives. Rewards, status, and achievement are highly important, and work fits centrally into this culture. Collectivism The group is the basic unit. Employers may provide for employees as they would family members. Employees may work against their own self-interest if all will benefit. Femininity Organizations promote cooperative and collaborative environments. The culture may value thought and planning before action. Spiritual achievement is more valued than economic achievement, and work fits less centrally into the lifestyle. Low Power Distance “There will be less emotional resistance to change, higher levels of risk taking, and less emphasis on hierarchical structures” (Yaeger, Head, & Sorensen, 2006, p. 48). Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Organizations will tolerate ambiguous situations, unknown variables, and unclear information. Members expect unpredictable situations to arise and will not be threatened by needing to adjust. High Power Distance Employees will do what is asked and will not take risks. Hierarchical decision making and communication flow patterns dominate. Change will be communicated from the top when appropriate and necessary. Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Organizations will adopt formal rules and policies and expect detailed risk mitigation plans in the event of a problem. Change is threatening and will likely prompt a high degree of resistance.