Can I get help on how to do a concept map to the introduction of the Welch-Reardon, et al article provided below in the image. It can either be a drawing or a ppt slide. A requirement would be to utilize connecting words and identify the background of the article. Also, to research the problem and questions.
Extracted text: INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis is a multi-step, tightly regulated process that plays a crucial role during embryogenesis and wound healing, as well as in pathological conditions such as tumor growth (Conway et al., 2001; Folkman, 1985; Risau, 1997). During sprouting angiogenesis, endothelial cells (EC) are activated in response to angiogenic stimuli, the best characterized of which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Carmeliet, 2000; Conway et al., 2001). EC activation triggers a cascade of events, including degradation of the adjacent basement membrane, migration of nascent sprouts into the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), "The Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. 2The Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. “The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. SThe Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. *Author for correspondence (
[email protected]) Received 26 September 2013; Accepted 26 January 2014
Extracted text: formation of lumens, branching, anastomosis and a return to quiescence once support cells have been recruited to the newly y formed vessel (Carmeliet, 2000; Conway et al., 2001; Risau, t. 1997). Initiation of sprouting requires generation of at least two distinct EC phenotypes – tip cells and trunk cells. Each assumes a different morphology and performs unique functions. A tip cell leads the sprout; it is polarized along its anterior-posterior axis, e rarely proliferates and is highly migratory (del Toro et al., 2010; g Hellström et al., 2007; Jakobsson et al., 2010; Sainson et al., at 2008). Trunk cells trail tip cells; they are proliferative, apically- basally polarized and form the vessel lumen (Ribatti and Crivellato, 2012). Gene expression profiles reveal tip cells to be highly enriched in VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) (Gerhardt et al., of 2003; Jakobsson et al., 2010; Ribatti and Crivellato, 2012; Sainson et al., 2008), platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) (Ribatti and Crivellato, 2012; Sainson et al., 2008), neuropilin receptor 2 (NRP2) (Sainson et al., 2008), Jagged 1 (Jag1) (Johnston et al., 2009; Sainson et al., 2008), membrane type 1 e, e of h matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) (van Hinsbergh and Koolwijk, 2008; Yana et al., 2007), and delta-like 4 (Dl14) (Hellström et al., 2007; Suchting et al., 2007). Expression of tip cell genes and induction of angiogenic sprouting are stimulated and regulated by pro-angiogenic cytokines including VEGF (Conway et al., 2001; Ribatti and Crivellato, 2012), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF¤) (Otrock et al., 2007; Sainson et al., 2008), transforming growth factor B (TGFB) (Otrock et al., 2007), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) (Conway et al., 2001; Otrock et al., 2007) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (Sengupta et al., 2003). During pathological events such as inflammation and tumor growth, several of these growth factors induce expression of the transcription factor Slug (Snai2), and expression of this gene in tumor cells contributes to invasion and to metastasis (Barrallo-Gimeno and Nieto, 2005; Romano and Runyan, 2000; Thiery, 2002). The Snail family of zinc-finger transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved and involved in processes that require of ar cell movement. Expression of these genes is essential during embryonic development in events such as mesoderm, neural crest and heart cushion formation (Cobaleda et al., 2007; Niessen et al., 2008). During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTS), Slug acts as a transcriptional repressor by binding E-box elements in target promoters. Under certain conditions, Slug represses transcription of genes involved in formation of both adherens junctions (E-Cadherin), and tight junctions (claudins, occludins, ZO1), and promotes disassembly of desmosomes (Barrallo-Gimeno and Nieto, 2005; Cobaleda et al., 2007; Niete, 2002). Slug also indirectly induces expression of genes th.et degrade ECM, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPS) (Barrallo-Gimeno and Nieto, 2005; Huang et al., 2009; Zhang ia of Journal of Cell Science