Inspection of Fig. 4.4 shows that N-modular redundancy is of no advantage over a single unit at t c 0 (they both have a reliability of 1) and at  (they both have a reliability of 0.5). The maximum...

Inspection of Fig. 4.4 shows that N-modular redundancy is of no advantage over a single unit at t c 0 (they both have a reliability of 1) and at
 (they both have a reliability of 0.5). The maximum advantage of N-modular redundancy is realized somewhere in between them. Compute the ratio of the N-modular redundancy given by Eq. (4.17) divided by the reliability of a single system that equals p. Maximize (i.e., differentiate this ratio with respect to p and set equal to 0) to solve for the value of p that gives the biggest improvement in reliability. Since