Inferential analysis need to be done by chi square test and T test. you can take data from excel sheet 6 where i put carbon disclosure score of sixty companies in 4 column. After doing the calculation you need to do explanation of result of chi square and t test as well as you need to explain management theory whether it is matching with inferential statistics. my management theory is agency theory . for this you can take reference of word file which i upload. just need to see litereture review of my theory. also you need to explain whether hypothesis is prooved or not means Ho or H1 which is accepted. for more information of assignment requirement you need to see template which i upload. word limit not less than 2200. reference is essential.
University of Sunshine Coast Australian Technical and Management College (ATMC) MGT 723 Research Project Assignment Task 2 Data Collection Student Name: Surendra Sapkota Student ID: 1110349 Research Topic: Agency Theory and Carbon Disclosure. Draft Research Question: Is there a relationship between Effectiveness of board and disclosure of Carbon Concerning climate change? Research Title: Relationship between Effectiveness of Board and Voluntary Disclosure of Carbon concerning Climate Change. Submission Date: 11th May 2018 Declaration: I understand the penalties that apply for plagiarism and agree to be bound by these rules. The work I am submitting electronically is my own work. Contents Literature Review– Summary3 Conceptual Model:4 Figure 1: Conceptual Model5 Hypotheses5 Proxy Measures for Theoretical Constructs5 Table 1: Proxy for Theoretical Constructs6 Research Method:6 Data Collection:7 Table 2: Country wise breakdown of firms7 Data processing and missing values7 Descriptive statistics:8 Table 3: Descriptive statistics for the disclosure score of the firms9 Figure 2: Descriptive statistics for the countries10 Figure 3: Descriptive statistics for public disclosure of the firms included in the study10 Acceptance of hypothesis10 Inferential analysis:11 References:11 Literature Review– Summary On account of costs as well as benefits affiliated with voluntary disclosure concerning carbon emission, this research examines overall relationship amongst effectiveness of Board of Directors as well as voluntary disclosure concerning the affiliated information. Earlier studies (Liao et al., 2015; Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2015) in this context indicate that concerned Board form the key aspect of systems of the corporate governance for the publicly listed firms. On account of separation concerning management as well as ownership, agency theory (Liao et al., 2015; Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2015) make argument that Board serves in delivering monitoring role in the form of management for the protection of shareholders’ interests. The effectiveness of Board have widely been affiliated to the independence of Board from the management, the relevant structure of leadership, the overall independence as well as existence of the committees, complying to the frequency as well as the attendance of directors(Liao et al., 2015; Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2015). The effectiveness of the Board shall in addition be stated to be contingent with respect to the overall leadership structure. Earlier studies in this context (Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2017; Jaggi et al., 2017) undertake examination of overall relationship amongst the CEO duality, that is,in cases wherein CEO additionally holds chairperson position in the board, as well as the disclosure practices. The CEO duality forms the potential for reducing the independence of Board from that of management as well as the consequence need to be less impactful with respect to the monitoring role (Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2017; Jaggi et al., 2017). Hence, one shall expect that concerned CEO duality need to decrease the transparency of Board as well as the inherent abilities for requiring the relevant as well as timely form of disclosures for the external stakeholders. Other research studies (Krishnamurti&Velayutham, 2017; Haque, 2017) have in general confirmed overall prevalence concerning the negative associations amongst CEO duality as well as overall levels of the voluntary disclosure and nonfinancial form of information like that of disclosures concerning intellectual capital. Ben Amar &McIlkenny (2017) and Jaggi et al. (2017), in addition, fail in reporting any of the significant relationship amongst CEO duality as well as overall levels of the sustainability disclosures. Studies (Li et al., 2017; Yunus et al., 2016) focused on agency theory with respect to the framework of stakeholder / agency, make an argument that the relevant Board possess the overall powers as well as legitimacy towards the exertion of control with respect to managers as well as making sure that they shall act over best of the interests concerning the shareholders of firm as well as various other stakeholders. In consistent towards the prediction stated, the recent studies(Liao et al., 2015; Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2015; Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2017; Jaggi et al., 2017) illustrate that the composition of Board has impacts with respect to the adoption of the initiatives of environmental friendly nature by concerned firms. Li et al. (2017) and Yunus et al. (2016) illustrate that the overall structure concerning the Board makes impacts with respect to designing of the particular governance practices for climate change as well as deployment concerning the resources of organization for dealing with the risks as well as opportunities affiliated with the climate change. It is thus expected that effective form of Boards with respect to alignment of the interests of directors as well as shareholders shall be highly engaged with respect to proactive form of management concerning climate change affiliated risks for maintaining the competitive advantages of firms as well as enhancing overall firm value. Given that public disclosures concerning data for GHG emission to regulators shall signal commitment of the firm in dealing with issues of climate change, the effective Board need to be much more likely for responding towards the requests of activist stakeholders over increased form of reporting concerning these issues (Ben Amar &McIlkenny, 2017). In addition, institutional investors wield significant role over the determination concerning the stock price of firms and hence it is expected that firms possessing effective form of Boards offer detailed form of disclosures with respect to climate change affiliated risks towards lower information asymmetry in addition to task specific to firms as well as capital market benefits. Conceptual Model: Depending on the agency theory we try to establish the relationship between carbon disclosures (dependent variable) and the highest level of responsibility for climate change (treated as independent variable). The carbon disclosure score which is supported by the International securities Identification Numbering (ISBN) has been try to disclosed as control variable. The conceptual model on the basis of the theoretical frameworks and the literature reviewed in the context of this study shall be as follows – ( Independent Variable Level of Responsibility for Climate Change Reference: 201 6 CC1.1. Where is the highest level of direct responsibility for climate change within your organization? ) ( Dependent Variable Disclosure score Reference: 2015 Disclosure score ) ( Control Variable First 15 firms 0 Second 15 firms 1 Third 15 firms 2 Fourth 15 firms 3 ) Figure 1: Conceptual Model Hypotheses The hypotheses that is proposed as an outcome of the literature review outcomes and the conceptual model developed include the following – · Null Hypothesis H0: Effective Board does not make it possible for voluntary, fair, and committed approach to disclosure of carbon / GHG emissions · Alternative Hypothesis H1: Effective Board makes it possible for voluntary, fair, and committed approach to disclosure of carbon / GHG emissions Proxy Measures for Theoretical Constructs Theoretical Construct Proxy measure Dependent (DV), Independent (IV), or Control Variable (CV) Source Effective Board makes it possible for voluntary, fair, and committed approach to disclosure of carbon / GHG emissions, and other climate change related data. Voluntary Disclosure Score. [i] Board with authority. [ii] Disclosure effectiveness of Climate Change. CDP Excel Spreadsheet. Dependent Variable: Disclosure Score. Independent Variable: Level of direct responsibility for climate change. Dependent Variable 60 companies randomly selected from the master data. CDP Survey of 60 Companies. Table 1: Proxy for Theoretical Constructs Research Method: The overall research approach employed for this study on the basis of the literature review undertaken, hypotheses determined, conceptual model developed and the various measures identified, concerns the deductive approach as the same aims in testing the hypotheses that has been developed in the context of this study, that is, effective Board is one which has control over firm’s governance structure and has complete independence over its monitoring role, and, effective Board makes it possible for voluntary, fair, and committed approach to disclosure of carbon / GHG emissions, and other climate change related data. In the context of the research approach identified, the overall research design shall comprise the data collection of largely qualitative nature concerning the following reports – Corporate governance reports, sustainability reports, and, the climate change disclosures of the sample companies. The secondary data so collected shall form the basis of undertaking the data analysis to test the hypothesis. The qualitative secondary data collected shall be suitably assessed and evaluated to be quantified in the manner of the following measures identified – Board Effectiveness, Board / Management Independence, Adherence to Board meeting frequency, Board attendance, Absence of CEO duality, Committed Voluntary Disclosure, Frequency of Voluntary Disclosure of Climate Change, and, Data Quality of Disclosure. The approach to transform the secondary data of qualitative nature assessed to that of these quantified measures shall be suitably undertaken on the basis of the data collected and its inherent nature. The measures so collected shall then be employed for testing the hypothesis by way of statistical tools like correlation analysis amongst the relevant dependent and independent variables as has been presented in the theoretical constructs section above. In terms of sampling, the secondary data sources identified shall be collected by sample of 60 publicly listed firms and these companies shall be selected by of random sampling method from the publicly available master data. The reason for using publicly listed firms is that they shall be mandated by the regulator to include various disclosure and other key reports to be made publicly available. This sample size is sufficiently large to ensure the prevention of any biases or any validity / reliability issues that shall crop from the qualitative nature of data being collected. The correlation study by using the data collected from these 60 sample companies shall aid in testing the hypotheses. Data Collection: The main aim of the current research is to examine the relationship between the effectiveness of the Board and the Voluntary Disclosure of the carbon causing the climate change. For the analysis purpose the secondary data has been collected for 60 firms in different countries in different industries. All information related to disclosure score and ISIN number are provided in CDP data in excel. For selecting the data from the master file random sampling method was used so that the sample is not biased and the results from the analysis can be generalized to the entire population. The table has shown the countries status from which companies would be selected for analyzing data. Country Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid USA 23 38.3 38.3 38.3 United Kingdom 12 20.0 20.0 58.3 France 6 10.0 10.0 68.3 Germany 2 3.3 3.3 71.7 Spain 3 5.0 5.0 76.7 Others 14 23.3 23.3 100.0 Total 60 100.0 100.0 Table 2: Country wise breakdown of firms Data processing and missing values Once the final sample from the master data has been extracted, it was an important task to clean the data so that the robust results can be obtained. For the data processing the sample data was extracted to the a new excel sheet. The data set contains huge amount of information, so first only the required variables were retained and rest of the variables were removed from the final data. The variables which were retained include the voluntary disclosure score (dependent variable), highest level of direct responsibility