- In operant conditioning, when something unpleasant follows a response it is called _____________________, whereas when something pleasant is taken away following a response it is called ____________________
a negative reinforcement / positive reinforcement
b negative punishment / positive punishment
c positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement
d positive punishment / negative punishment
2 According to the operant conditioning principle of shaping, if you want your dog to ring a bell three times, how should you begin?
a talk quietly to your dog about ringing the bell
b begin by reinforcing your dog for ringing the bell once
c begin by reinforcing your dog only for ringing the bell three times
d punish the dog for ringing the bell only once
3 Two-year-old Amanda has become afraid of the bath water because of an unfortunate fall she had in her last bath So her father puts just a little water in the tub and gives Amanda a lolliipop to enjoy while she is being washed Soon Amanda loses her fear of the bath What learning technique has her father used?
a latent learning
b stimulus generalization
c spontaneous recovery
d counterconditioning
4 When a new, learned response occurs to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called ________
a a conditioned stimulus
b an unconditioned response
c spontaneous recovery
d a conditioned response
5 Jack is a fan of McDonald’s (believe it or not) He simply loves the food there Even the sight of a McDonald’s store causes his stomach to grumble and he feels hungry One afternoon, he sees a picture of Ronald McDonald in a magazine, and Jack realizes he feels hungry because his stomach is rumbling This is an example of:
a a serious disturbance
b latent learning
c higher-order conditioning
d spontaneous recovery
6 Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Maxie does not beg for food from the table Every time that Maxie begs, Kyla says, “No,” in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in Kyla is using ________
a stimulus generalization
b punishment
c counterconditioning
d negative reinforcement
7 Lydia trains her dog by giving him a reward every time he sits up on his hind legs Joanne trains her dog to do the same trick, but gives him a reward every once in a while After a month, Joanne’s dog still reliably performs the trick, but Lydia’s dog does so haphazardly, and only when a reward is provided Why is there a difference?
a Joanne used primary reinforcement, whereas Lydia used higher-order conditioning
b Lydia used primary reinforcement, whereas Joanne used higher-order conditioning
c Joanna has a better relationship with her dog than Lydia has with her dog
d Joanne used intermittent reinforcement, whereas Lydia used continuous reinforcement