In no more than 50 words for each answer, explain one important thing that scientists learned from each of the following (10 points each): Arabidopsis thaliana Danio rerio, the zebrafis OncoMouse In...

1. In no more than 50 words for each answer, explain one important thing that scientists learned from each of the following (10 points each):

Arabidopsis thaliana
Danio rerio, the zebrafis
OncoMouse

1. In one word, what was Lyell’s great contribution to Darwin’s theory?

3, Very briefly describe two key experiments that helped scientists to solve some important part of the mystery of heredity


1. In no more than 50 words for each answer, explain one important thing that scientists learned from each of the following (10 points each): Bacteriophage   Arabidopsis thaliana Danio rerio, the zebrafis OncoMouse 2. In one word, what was Lyell’s great contribution to Darwin’s theory? 3， Very briefly describe two key experiments that helped scientists to solve some important part of the mystery of heredity PowerPoint Presentation Changing Theories of the Body From the Greeks to the Seventeenth Century in Europe Medicine on the Eve of the Scientific Revolution The human body was the first concern of the physician in Europe Medicine by 1600 enjoyed some prestige as it formed one of the three high faculties of the university alongside law and theology The knowledge was an accumulation of experience and innovation building upon the core teachings of Galen and Hippocrates The foundation of medicine in 1600 remained Humoral Theory Galenian Philosophy True doctor masters Science AND Philosophy “True physician should be like an architect armed with proper blueprints” (32) Good Bedside Manner Anatomical Knowledge Observation and Experimentation Practical Knowledge Galen believed true doctors should master both logic and philosophy He began practice of having good bedside manners (patient’s trust was essential to healing) Believed in Aristotelian doctrine that “form follows function” (“In order to understand function- must first follow form”) Because of this became skilled in dissection (though not on humans) established skeletal anatomy, and began to study nerves First to look at how different substances affected each part of the body => medicine taught importance of observation, experimentation, and practical knowledge 3 Basic Humoral Theory Chart of the Organs and their Zodiacal Correspondences from an early modern encyclopedia by Gregor Reisch, Margarita philosophica (Freiburg, 1503) Rise of Dissection as Medical and Scientific Practice After overcoming longstanding moral and social prohibitions, dissections became standard part of the medical curriculum in Italian cities of Padua and Bolonga Modino De Luzzi was an Italian physician who referred to as the “restorer of anatomy” because of his introducing the practice of public dissertation of human cadavers and writing the first modern anatomical text, Anathomia (1541) Mondino de Liuzzi It was common practice for the professor of anatomy to sit in a large, ornate chair elevated above the dissection proceedings, reading from an anatomical text and providing commentary, while a demonstrator, or surgeon, physically performed the dissection. The Culmination of Anatomical Study Andreas Vesalius and On the Structure of the Human Body (1543) Appeared the same year as Copernicus’s On the Revolutions Used dissection to correct the errors of Galen and other ancients Hired skilled artists from Titian’s studio to draw and engrave his anatomical descriptions in great detail Made available in both expensive and cheap copies Vesalius (1514-1564) Pages from Vesalius Anatomical Theatre, University of Padua with capacity for 350 people The Anatomical Theatre at Leiden University in the early 17th century Scientific Beliefs Renaissance Era Body as a machine-(Descartes) Boerhaave- study workings of body Sickness from Imbalances Soul might exist, but beyond medicine Hoffmann- Fundamenta medicinae Iatrochemistry Medical Chemistry Chemistry is the key to life Basis of Biochemistry Descartes says -> “body is a machine”, and “spirit is the driving force” Scientists now believe -> body(not spirit) respond to stimuli They believe body = balanced system of pressures and liquid flows Health= unimpeded flow of fluids means healthy “Medicine should study the how, not why…” Iatrochemistry -> replaced 4 humors with 3 elements (salt, sulphur, mercury) Chemistry = key to life Each organ has its own Blas still believe in spirit as source of animation but beyond the reach of science 15 Is the living organism a machine? Are there vital spirits that are immaterial? Abraham Trembley, (1700-1784) 1740s experiments with Hydra Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) Elements of the Physiology of the Human Body Experimental demonstrations: Contractility inherent in muscle fibers Sensitivity in nervous fibres Explanation of pulsations of the heart Medical Treatment in the Seventeenth Century The core of Galenic and Hippocratic medicine continued well in the eighteenth century although astrological diagnoses began to way over seventeenth century This persistence reflected the stability of medical school curricula and the conservatism of the guild or licensing structures within urban areas governing licensed physicians The hierarchy of care in early modern period: Physicians – Licensed, usually educated dispensers of advice Apothecaries – prepared simple and compound medicines Barber-Surgeons – carried out invasive medical procedures Empirics – unlicensed local healers offering mendicants and treatments Anatomical Experimentation By the seventeenth century, dissection undertaken on not only dead but also living animals Robert Boyle, the great experimenter of the London’s Royal Society, was unnerved by these demonstrations upon living creatures The purpose of these living dissections were experiment to learn the actual workings of nerves, tendons, lungs, veins and arteries Involved transfusions of fluids and blood Context: Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century Ptolemaic system (Ptolemy, AD 100-170) Crystalline spheres Copernicus Tycho Brahe and the Telescope: Celestial Atlas Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Galileo, the Telescope and Experiment Isaac Newton Microscopes Robert Hooke Micrographia Primary and secondary qualities? “Science is measurement” William Harvey (1578-1657) Overturning the Ancients – Harvey and Galen According to the ancient authority of Galen the venous and arterial systems were separate units The liver continuously produced dark venous blood that veins distributed as nourishment The lungs enrich blood with air producing the bright arterial blood delivered through the arteries as nourishment Galen’s system breaking down with more detailed dissections or experiments Questions about existence of pores in the septum Identification of what Harvey’s professor called “Valves” in the veins These doubts and new experimental information led Harvey to consider the problem anew Harvey and Circulation Harvey first noted that the volume of blood pumped by the heart would exhaust the body’s supply within moments unless it was somehow recirculated He experimented using ligatures to stop the low of blood selectively Through experimentation he deduced the “greater circulation,” namely that the heart pumps blood circularly through connected arterial and venous systems Harvey was unable to detect the tiny capillaries that connect arteries and veins; this waited Marcello Malpighi’s use of a microscope on frog lung tissue This illustration depicts one of William Harvey's experiments in his On the Circulation of the Blood (1628). Venal valves had already been discovered, but here Harvey shows that venal blood flows only toward the heart. He ligatured an arm to make obvious the veins and their valves, then pressed blood away from the heart and showed that the vein would remain empty because blocked by the valve. Slide 1 Darwin Introduction H.M.S. Beagle Voyage of the Beagle, 1831-1836 Voyage of the Beagle Charles Lyell Industrialization and Geology Lyell’s Principles of Geology Darwin’s Rhea Galapagos Islands Galapagos Island Fauna Finches ! Darwin’s Barnacles Variation Variation Pigeons Pigeons: selective breeding Biogeography, adaptation and classification Competition Connochaetes gnou: the wildebeest, aka gnu Adaptation Predation Giant Ground Sloth: extinction, and the fossil record Homology James Hutton, The Theory of the Earth, 1795 “The Abyss of Time” “…no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end…” Uniformitarianism and Deep Time Thomas Robert Malthus Connochaetes gnou: the wildebeest, aka gnu Pieces of the puzzle Variation Struggle for existence Breeding for new varieties Artificial selection analogy: natural selection Alfred Russel Wallace Wallace’s Line Wallace 1859 The Table of Contents Front Matter Introduction Variation under Domestication Variation under Nature Struggle for Existence Natural Selection Laws of Variation Difficulties on Theory Instinct Hybridism On the Imperfections of the Geological Record On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings Geographical Distribution Geographical Distribution continued Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings – Morphology – Embroyology – Rudimentary Organs Recapitulation and Conclusion Index Last paragraph of the Origin, first edition “Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” —Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species, first edition, 1859, p. 490       Darwin’s Defenders: Charles Lyell, Joseph Hooker, Asa Gray and Thomas Henry Huxley Darwin’s Bulldog Iconic Darwin Adding to the fossil evidence Huxley goes to America And learns more about fossil horses