In 2002 two researchers, Wiebe and Bortolotti, examined the color in tail feathers of northern flickers. Sometimes these birds had one tail feather that differed from the rest in color. This was...

In 2002 two researchers, Wiebe and Bortolotti, examined the color in tail feathers of northern flickers. Sometimes these birds had one tail feather that differed from the rest in color. This was perhaps because the feather had regrown after having been lost. The “odd” feather and a “typical” feather from each of the selected birds were analyzed with respect to degree of “yellowness.” Larger values of the measurement indicated that the feather color was less yellow. The question they wished to address was whether “odd” feathers and “typical” feathers differed with respect to the yellowness of their color.

1. Conduct the test. Provide the significance test formula, test statistic, p-value, and degrees of freedom if applicable.