Immediate data: Karen gets into her car in Denver, CO to drive north along the Rocky Mountains into Wyoming. While driving she receives a notification on her in-vehicle device “pathcast” tool—a...

Immediate data: Karen gets into her car in Denver, CO to drive north along the Rocky Mountains into Wyoming. While driving she receives a notification on her in-vehicle device “pathcast” tool—a regionally specific mapbased prediction that is generated by a new startup company using data from the National Weather Service and the local data from lightning sensors, radars, surface-observing stations, wind profilers, and stream gauges. Karen’s pathcast forecast indicates that earlier rains have caused one of the canyon creeks to surge, so Karen turns to her car’s sophisticated navigation system to circumvent the flooded roadways.