If it was true that the benefi ts to animals from toxicity tests on animals outweigh the suffering of the animals involved in the tests, these tests might be justifi ed. Unfortunately for those who...

If it was true that the benefi ts to animals from toxicity tests on animals outweigh the suffering of the animals involved in the tests, these tests might be justifi ed. Unfortunately for those who countenance such tests, the benefi t to animals cannot be established, so toxicity testing on animals is not justifi ed. (Cf. Questions appendix, passage 16)