Perceptions of Sexual Harassment (SH) METHODExperiment 2 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR METHOD SECTION • Have sufficient information to replicate the study. • Follow logical progression of idea in each...

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Perceptions of Sexual Harassment (SH) METHODExperiment 2 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR METHOD SECTION • Have sufficient information to replicate the study. • Follow logical progression of idea in each subsection. • Do not omit crucial information! • Do not mix sections! PARTICIPANTS • Total N (n male, n female) • Recruited using a Convenience sample • Age range (mean age if given) • Ethnicity: List each category with % • Marital status: List each category with % • Sexual orientation: List each category with % • Highest degree or level of education: List each category with % • Years of work experience: List each category with % • English-speaking adults • No incentives • All participants were treated in accordance with the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 2002) MATERIALS • Two Qualtrics questionnaires (SH QQ1 and SH QQ2) • Informed consent (briefly describe) • Demographic questions(briefly describe) • Instructions (briefly describe) • SH scenarios – 10 vignettes adopted and modified from Terpstra and Baker (1987) • Two sets of vignettes depicting different sexual harassment scenarios • Male perpetrator, female victim (MPFV) • Male perpetrator, male victim (MPMV) • Two counterbalanced testing order: MPFV before MPMV, and MPFV after MPMV • Counterbalancing technique was used to control for potential sequencing or carryover effects from one type of gender pairing to the other type • Debriefing Statement (briefly describe) MATERIALS • Vignettes • Associated with each vignette - • The Likert-type scale • Used by participants to rate degree of severity • Scale range from - 1 (not at all harassing) to 7 (extremely harassing) • For each set of vignettes • Participants’ responses to the 10 severity items were averaged yielding a mean score ranging from 1 to 7 • 1 (perceived as low severity) • 7 (perceived as high severity) PROCEDURE  Tested individually using online Qualtrics questionnaires.  SHQQ1 and SHQQ2 randomly distributed  Approximately equal number of males and females for each Qualtrics questionnaire.  Read the informed consent form, provided consent to participate, and answered demographic questions  Carefully read and rated each SH vignette  Thanked and debriefed DESIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS  2 x 2 mixed factorial design  2 Independent variables  IV 1 – “Gender of victim” depicted in the scenario , 2 levels (male or female)  Within-subjects variable  True independent variable  IV 2 – “Gender of participant” who responded to the scenario , 2 levels (male or female)  Between-subjects variable  Quasi-independent variable  Dependent variable  “Severity of sexual harassment” perceived/rated by participants (ranged from 1 to 7). METHOD – REVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE DESIGN • Do Not Put this in your method section • What is a mixed factorial design? • A mixed design includes a within-subjects independent variable and a between-subjects independent variable • What is a within-subjects independent variable? What is a between-subjects independent variable? • If each subject is repeatedly tested under all conditions/levels of an independent variable, one at a time, then we say the independent variable is a within-subjects variable • “(gender of victim) depicted in the test scenario” • If a subject is tested just one time, under one condition/level of an independent variable, then we say the independent variable is a between-subjects variable • “(gender of participants) who responded to the scenario.” METHOD – REVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE DESIGN • Do Not Put this in your method section • What is a true independent variable? What is a quasi-independent variable? • A true independent variable is a variable that can be manipulated by an experimenter. • The first independent variable (gender of victim) depicted in the test scenario is a “true” independent variable. • It is a true-independent variable because it can be precisely manipulated by a researcher. • A quasi-independent variable is a variable that cannot be manipulated; it is a variable on which groups of participants naturally differ. • The second independent variable (gender of participants) who responded to the scenario is a “quasi” independent variable. • It is a quasi-independent variable because it is a variable on which groups of participants naturally differ. • A researcher cannot manipulate a quasi-independent variable (like “gender of participants”). DESIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS  Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)  Main effect of gender of victim on severity of sexual harassment  Main effect of gender of participant on severity of sexual harassment  Interaction effect between gender of victim and gender of participant on severity of sexual harassment  Two correlated-samples t-tests—Compare mean ratings of the MPFV scenarios with mean ratings of the MPMV scenarios  One for male participants  One for female participants  Criterion for significance was p <.05 perceptions="" of="" sexual="" harassment="" (sh)="" perceptions="" of="" sexual="" harassment="" results="" fall="" 2021="" psyc="" 3311="" lab="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" number="" of="" participants="" n="323" n="" %="" gender="" male="" 147="" 45.5%="" female="" 176="" 54.5%="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" n="" %="" age="" 18="" to="" 29="" years="" old="" 234="" 72.4%="" 30="" to="" 39="" years="" old="" 51="" 15.8%="" 40="" to="" 49="" years="" old="" 24="" 7.4%="" 50="" to="" 59="" years="" old="" 8="" 2.5%="" 60+="" years="" old="" 6="" 1.9%="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" n="" %="" ethnicity="" american="" indian="" or="" alaska="" native="" 1="" 0.3%="" asian="" or="" asian="" american="" 12="" 3.7%="" black="" or="" african="" american="" 22="" 6.8%="" hispanic="" or="" latino="" 214="" 66.3%="" native="" hawaiian="" or="" pacific="" islander="" 4="" 1.2%="" white="" or="" caucasian="" 11="" 3.4%="" other="" 59="" 18.3%="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" n="" %="" marital="" status="" single="" 234="" 72.4%="" married="" 60="" 18.6%="" living="" common="" 16="" 5.0%="" separated="" 3="" 0.9%="" divorced="" 8="" 2.5%="" widowed="" 2="" 0.6%="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" n="" %="" sexual="" orientation="" heterosexual="" 284="" 87.9%="" homosexual="" 11="" 3.4%="" bisexual="" 26="" 8.0%="" missing="" 2="" 0.6%="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" n="" %="" education="" some="" high="" school="" 3="" 0.9%="" high="" school="" 44="" 13.6%="" some="" college,="" no="" degree="" 124="" 38.4%="" associate="" degree="" 67="" 20.7%="" bachelor’s="" degree="" 72="" 22.3%="" master’s="" degree="" 9="" 2.8%="" other="" 4="" 1.2%="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" n="" %="" work="" experience="" none="" 15="" 4.6%="" less="" than="" one="" year="" 15="" 4.6%="" 1="" to="" 2="" years="" 37="" 11.5%="" 3="" to="" 4="" years="" 56="" 17.3%="" 4="" to="" 5="" years="" 30="" 9.3%="" 5+="" years="" 170="" 52.6%="" demographic="" data="" for="" the="" participants="" section="" n="" %="" victim="" of="" sexual="" harassment="" yes="" 145="" 44.9%="" no="" 178="" 55.1%="" revisiting="" the="" design="" 2="" x="" 2="" mixed="" factorial="" design="" the="" first="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" victim”="" depicted="" in="" the="" test="" scenarios="" (within-subjects)="" female="" male="" the="" second="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" participant”="" who="" responded="" to="" the="" test="" scenarios="" (between-subjects)="" female="" male="" revisiting="" the="" hypotheses="" •="" hypothesis="" 1:="" it="" is="" hypothesized="" that="" there="" will="" be="" a="" significant="" main="" effect="" for="" gender="" of="" victim.="" scenarios="" with="" male="" perpetrators="" and="" female="" victims="" (mpfv)="" will="" be="" viewed="" as="" more="" severely="" harassing="" than="" similar="" scenarios="" with="" male="" perpetrators="" and="" male="" victims="" (mpmv).="" evaluate="" the="" outcome="" regarding="" the="" main="" effect="" of="" the="" first="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" victim”="" on="" the="" dependent="" variable="" “severity="" of="" sexual="" harassment.”="" revisiting="" the="" hypotheses="" •="" hypothesis="" 2:="" it="" is="" also="" hypothesized="" that="" there="" will="" be="" a="" significant="" main="" effect="" for="" gender="" of="" participant.="" compared="" to="" males,="" females="" will="" view="" scenarios="" depicting="" sexual="" harassment="" as="" more="" severely="" harassing.="" evaluate="" the="" outcome="" regarding="" the="" main="" effect="" of="" the="" second="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" participant”="" on="" the="" dependent="" variable="" “severity="" of="" sexual="" harassment.”="" revisiting="" the="" hypotheses="" •="" hypothesis="" 3:="" finally="" it="" is="" hypothesized="" that="" there="" will="" not="" be="" a="" significant="" interaction="" effect="" between="" the="" gender="" of="" victim”="" and="" the="" gender="" of="" participant="" on="" the="" severity="" of="" sexual="" harassment.="" for="" both="" female="" participants="" and="" male="" participants,="" scenarios="" involving="" male="" perpetrators="" and="" female="" victims="" (mpfv)="" will="" be="" viewed="" as="" more="" severely="" harassing="" than="" similar="" scenarios="" involving="" male="" perpetrators="" and="" male="" victims="" (mpmv).="" •="" evaluate="" the="" outcome="" regarding="" the="" interaction="" effect="" between="" the="" first="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" victim”="" and="" the="" second="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" participant”="" on="" the="" dependent="" variable="" “severity="" of="" sexual="" harassment.”="" m="" ea="" n="" s="" ev="" er="" it="" y="" r="" at="" in="" g="" gender="" of="" participant="" female="Male" =="" 3.5="" 1="" gender="" of="" victim="" male="" female="" 7="" scoring="" and="" analysis="" •="" for="" each="" set="" of="" vignettes="" (the="" mpfv="" vignettes="" or="" the="" mpmv="" vignettes),="" participants’="" responses="" to="" the="" 10="" severity="" items="" were="" averaged="" yielding="" a="" mean="" score="" that="" could="" range="" from="" 1="" to="" 7.="" high="" scores="" indicated="" perceived="" high="" severity;="" low="" scores="" indicated="" perceived="" low="" severity.="" •="" a="" two-way="" anova="" for="" mixed="" designs="" was="" used="" to="" test="" the="" proposed="" hypotheses.="" •="" moreover,="" two="" correlated-samples="" t-tests="" were="" conducted="" to="" compare="" ratings="" of="" the="" mpfv="" scenarios="" with="" ratings="" of="" the="" mpmv="" scenarios.="" one="" for="" the="" male="" participants;="" the="" other="" for="" the="" female="" participants="" •="" a="" significance="" level="" of="" p="">< .05 was adopted to conclude statistical significance for the results results summary mean (standard deviation) the first independent variable “gender of victim” depicted in the test scenarios (within-subjects) female male the second independent variable “gender of participant” who responded to the test scenarios (between-subjects) female m=6.08 sd=(.79) 5.98 (.87) 6.03 (.80) male 5.83 (1.06) 5.73 (1.11) 5.78 (1.06) 5.97 (.93) 5.87 (.99) results report statistics in text: f ratio f (df-between, df-within) = xxx, p = xxx, partial η 2 = xxx example: f (2, 177) = 6.39, p = ,002, partial η2 = .07 t value t (df) = xxx, p = xxx. example: t (df) = 3.51, p = .001. d = 0.65 df = degrees of freedom note: partial eta-squared (partial η2) is a way to measure the effect size of different variables in anova. suggested norms for partial eta-squared: small = 0.01; medium = 0.06; large = 0.14. results (related to hypothesis 1) • there was a significant main effect of gender of victim on severity of sexual harassment, f (df gender_v, df error) =____, p=___, partial η2 =___. scenarios with male perpetrators and female victims (mpfv: m =___, sd = .___) were perceived as more severely harassing than similar scenarios with male perpetrators and male victims (mpmv: m = ___, sd = ____)(see table 1). (note: see slide 15 for the corresponding means and standard deviations. use means and standard deviations for total male and female victims) results (related to hypothesis 2) • write the results related to hypothesis 2 according to statistical data given above (note: see slide 15 for the corresponding means and standard deviations. use means and standard deviations for total male and female participants) results (related to hypothesis 2) • there was a significant main effect of gender of participants on severity of sexual harassment, f (df gender_p,df .05="" was="" adopted="" to="" conclude="" statistical="" significance="" for="" the="" results="" results="" summary="" mean="" (standard="" deviation)="" the="" first="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" victim”="" depicted="" in="" the="" test="" scenarios="" (within-subjects)="" female="" male="" the="" second="" independent="" variable="" “gender="" of="" participant”="" who="" responded="" to="" the="" test="" scenarios="" (between-subjects)="" female="" m="6.08" sd="(.79)" 5.98="" (.87)="" 6.03="" (.80)="" male="" 5.83="" (1.06)="" 5.73="" (1.11)="" 5.78="" (1.06)="" 5.97="" (.93)="" 5.87="" (.99)="" results="" report="" statistics="" in="" text:="" f="" ratio="" f="" (df-between,="" df-within)="xxx," p="xxx," partial="" η="" 2="xxx" example:="" f="" (2,="" 177)="6.39," p=",002," partial="" η2=".07" t="" value="" t="" (df)="xxx," p="xxx." example:="" t="" (df)="3.51," p=".001." d="0.65" df="degrees" of="" freedom="" note:="" partial="" eta-squared="" (partial="" η2)="" is="" a="" way="" to="" measure="" the="" effect="" size="" of="" different="" variables="" in="" anova.="" suggested="" norms="" for="" partial="" eta-squared:="" small="0.01;" medium="0.06;" large="0.14." results="" (related="" to="" hypothesis="" 1)="" •="" there="" was="" a="" significant="" main="" effect="" of="" gender="" of="" victim="" on="" severity="" of="" sexual="" harassment,="" f="" (df="" gender_v,="" df="" error)="____," p="___," partial="" η2="___." scenarios="" with="" male="" perpetrators="" and="" female="" victims="" (mpfv:="" m="___," sd=".___)" were="" perceived="" as="" more="" severely="" harassing="" than="" similar="" scenarios="" with="" male="" perpetrators="" and="" male="" victims="" (mpmv:="" m="___," sd="____)(see" table="" 1).="" (note:="" see="" slide="" 15="" for="" the="" corresponding="" means="" and="" standard="" deviations.="" use="" means="" and="" standard="" deviations="" for="" total="" male="" and="" female="" victims)="" results="" (related="" to="" hypothesis="" 2)="" •="" write="" the="" results="" related="" to="" hypothesis="" 2="" according="" to="" statistical="" data="" given="" above="" (note:="" see="" slide="" 15="" for="" the="" corresponding="" means="" and="" standard="" deviations.="" use="" means="" and="" standard="" deviations="" for="" total="" male="" and="" female="" participants)="" results="" (related="" to="" hypothesis="" 2)="" •="" there="" was="" a="" significant="" main="" effect="" of="" gender="" of="" participants="" on="" severity="" of="" sexual="" harassment,="" f="" (df="">
Answered 3 days AfterNov 13, 2021

Answer To: Perceptions of Sexual Harassment (SH) METHODExperiment 2 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR METHOD SECTION •...

Sayani answered on Nov 17 2021
118 Votes
Running Head: RESEARCH METHOD PAPER                        1
RESEARCH METHOD PAPER                                 2
RESEARCH METHOD PAPER
Table of Contents
Introduction    3
Causes of Sexual Harassment    3
Sexual Harassment in Workplace    5
Demographic Data    6
Gender Discrimination    6
Conclusion    9
References    10
Introduction
Sexual harassment is a sinful act where any person is being attached or harassed sexual without their consent. It is usually found in the workplaces
on sometimes in the public communities where females become the victim in most of the cases. Hence, these behavioral characteristics, which are generally unwelcomed and inappropriate sexual remarks, are advancing in almost every working places.
Along with the gender differences, biasness is also becoming a major concern these days. This research method paper would highlight the major concern related to both the sexual harassment and gender differences in United States and would analyze how they are increasing day by day.
Causes of Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment is not something that happen all of a sudden at the hit of the moment out of desire or just fleeting of circumstances. It is driven in all the sectors due to imbalance in power or inability to control the sexual urge and expressing the sense of being pervert. Men always consider themselves as being the superior as the society itself supports and help them to do think so and the females are from ages being victimized in the race of gender biasness and sexual harassment.
This act is being performed in order to embarrass the females and harass them from all regards. This sense of harassing and humiliating others in any public places primarily derives from the cultural background where the harassers are belonging from. If since their childhood phase, they see certain abusive or harassing things happening before them they would treat them as a culture of the society where they exist and would repeat those acts while they grew up (Friborg et al., 2017).
Basically, these sexual harassments and gender differences occurs because the women lack that physical strength equal to men, as a result they suffer from insecurity and possess lack of confidence. Financially also women are inferior than that of the men and as a result man since their childhood is growing with a concept that females are the creatures who should be dominated each and every moment and should be treated as an inferior person than the men.
Even in schools, also teacher was found to bias between a boy and a girl, where the boys were being given responsibilities for each activity and were allowed to participate in the sports and gaming activities as because they have more amount of physical stamina then the girls. Hence, since childhood these men are acknowledging the fact that females are inferior by nature and possess low stamina and potentialities in every respect.
Focusing on the men and female’s work expose sexual harassment as for men who harass women to express their resentment and try to reassert control when they view women as their economic competitor. In order to control their anger or jealousy thinking woman as their co-worker or competitor in workplace these insensitive men perform the act of sexual harassment.
Several homemakers also face the sexual violence and harassment each from their partners on a regular basis, as according to their men they are just good for nothing and are just sitting and spoiling their money and energy. Men usually put their frustration, anxiety, failure, anger on their wives or other women and by doing this the men get mental satisfaction.
As mentioned by Terpstra and Baker (1987), this has become an increasing concern in the United States. In this regard potential difference between the perception of working and female and between the male and females’ students were investigated and it was found that the percentage are higher in the case of working woman than the female students (Cassino & Besen‐Cassino, 2019).
Sexual Harassment in Workplace
Sexual harassments are often noticed in the workplace where the females are mostly bullied and humiliated even if they present their best in their performance and outcomes. The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has defined sexual harassment as an unwanted sexual attention that has the purpose of unreasonably interfering with any individual’s work...
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