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DICTATORS AND DEMOCRATS: COMPARATIVE POLITICS
Table of Contents
Introduction    3
Key concepts of political science    3
Types of political systems    5
Political system in two case study countries    7
Conclusion    10
References    11
Introduction
The comparative politics refers to systematic study of persistent political system and government in different countries. The comparative politics can help broadening the understanding of politics and making generalised predictions for political outcomes. The present study will focus on understanding key concepts of political science which includes concepts of democracy and authoritarianism. The study will elaborate concept such as political ideology power and legitimacy political culture and ideology and political parties as a part of Government and governance. The study will further elaborate political systems present around the world classifying each political systems. The study will further proceed to draw a comparative analysis of two case studies relating to different countries in order to elaborate the general claim that presidential democracy is likely to provide an efficient and stable government in comparison to parliamentary system of democracy. The study will incorporate focused comparison to validate the claim and to construct factors in the basis of prevalent political culture as observed in the case of India and United States of America.
Key concepts of political science
The decision making institutions and organisation which governs society and are form for the purpose of enforcing collective decisions with help of standard procedures is referred to as Government. According to Hague & Harrow (2013, p.5), the governance conforms to a process assisting in making political decisions, policies for public welfare and laws enforcing them which may or may not involve inputs from formalised institutions.
Democracy and authoritarianism
As mentioned by O’neil (2015, p.56), term democracy literally refers to rule by people. It is system of government that is elected by the whole population of country who fall in the eligibility criteria of voting prevalent in the country. In democracy the representative of peoples are elected who are answerable and accountable for the actions to the people. The vested power is in the hands of people who either directly rule the country or through representatives freely elected by them. Democracy can be classified in to Direct democracy, Representative democracy which is grouped into Presidential democracy and Parliamentary democracy, Authoritarian democracy, Participatory democracy and Social democracy.
As stated by O’neil (2015, p.58), Authoritarianism denotes a political system which focuses on concentration of power in few hands of people acting as a leader or a small group of elite which is not inducted through constitutional means and are not representative of people who are answerable for their actions to them. In fact authorities is opposed to individual freedom of thought and actions
Power and legitimacy
The distribution and manipulation of power forms the core of politics. The power can be defined as capacity which helps in bringing intended effects. As suggested by Hague & Harrow (2013, p.18), power is stratified into three dimensions which entails straight forward dimensions highlighting who prevails power in case of conflict situation. the second dimension involves capacity of keeping issues off the agenda of politics and whose power prevails in controlling the preferences in political conflicts. The third dimension involves conception of power and who shapes the preferences. As suggested by Hague & Harrow (2013, p.20), Legitimacy is a broader concept than authority that defines the state of being legitimate. The legitimate system of governance has its basis on authority and those who subject to the rule recognizes the authority to make rules for them.
Political culture and ideology
As referred by O’neil (2105, p.78), Political ideology is a system which is connected through command believes and shared views of the world. It provides the blueprint for structure for politics economics and Society. The ideology may be classified into
· Anarchism which states that all forms of government authority as unnecessary and the society can operate through voluntary cooperation and consenting association.
· Marxism which eliminate system and private property leading to a classless, non-exploitive self-governing society.
· Liberalism fosters a tolerant society and assures maximum freedom of individual rights and also favours government which is freely elected.
· Conservatism advocates free market as efficient for meeting the needs of society and government should promote decentralization as much as possible.
· Fascism which involves National Unity through authoritarian state and a strong leadership for mass mobilization. It emphasizes on nationalism and militarism.
Political party
As mentioned by Hague & Harrop (2013, p.20), political party are classified into leftist or rightist wings. The left wing party in a political system conforms to Equality, Human Rights and reformation whereas the right wing is more focused on traditional set up, established authority and national interest pursuits.
Political economy and Political development
As stated by Hague & Harrop (2013, p. 26), political economy describes the relationship between economic performance and political activities. The political economy can be measured through economic output and gross national income method which indicates political activity in the state. Political development is to a large extent dependent on political economy
Types of political systems
The political system is an interaction between governmental and non-environmental organisations and society and ensures successful enforcement of collective decisions. The political system has a positive connotation in compare to interchangeably used term of regime which has negative connotation.
According to O’Neil (2015, p. 85), political system prevalent around the world consist of 5 common political system that can be seen in the world political scenario that includes democracy, republic, monarchy, communism and dictatorship.
Democracy allows participation of people in governmental activities which can be further stratified into direct democracy and representative democracy. Athens in earlier times was a perfect...