"I took vitamins every day for a decade. Then I found out they’re useless. BECCA STANEK March 22, 2017, Save for a few lapses in my irresponsible college days, I’ve popped a multivitamin every single day since middle school. First, it was the chalky multivitamins that left a lump in my throat for minutes after I’d gulped one down. Then it was the slightly grainy, massive pills that my mom bought in bulk at Costco. (They were technically for post-menopausal women, but my mother assured me they would be just fine for my 17-year-old self.) Then last year, tired of big, bad-tasting pills, I bought gummy vitamins. Who doesn’t like noshing on some candy that holds the promise of great health? Well, last week, I threw my vitamins away. I’ll miss that sugary, fruity taste—but, according to my doctor, that’s about all I’ll be missing. At my appointment last Wednesday, my doctor bluntly informed me that my multivitamins weren’t doing a darn thing for me. Though the idea of getting just a little bit more of all the most important vitamins may seem like a foolproof idea, she informed me that more isn’t necessarily better. Few people have vitamin deficiencies. Moreover, for those who do have a deficiency in, say, Vitamin D or Vitamin B12, those little grape-shaped gummies—or any multivitamin, for that matter—don’t pack anywhere near enough of anyone vitamin to correct that deficiency, she explained. That could be passed off as just one doctor’s opinion . . . except there are a plethora of studies out there that back up her argument. A much-buzzed-about study published in Annals of Internal Medicine in 2013, for instance, came to this clear-cut conclusion after reviewing three trials of multivitamin supplements and 24 trials of “single or paired vitamins that randomly assigned more than 40,000 participants”: Evidence is sufficient to advise against routine supplementation, and we should translate null and negative findings into action. The message is simple: Most supplements do not prevent chronic disease or death, their use is not justified, and they should be avoided. This message is especially true for the general population with no clear evidence of micronutrient deficiencies, who represent most supplement users in the United States and in other countries. [Annals of Internal Medicine] Specifically, the study found vitamins to be ineffective when it comes to reducing the risk of heart disease, cancer, declines in cognitive ability, and premature death. And, Quartz noted, some vitamins can even be “harmful in high enough quantities”: Our bodies can easily get rid of excess vitamins that dissolve in water, like vitamin C, all the B vitamins, and folate, but they hold onto the ones that are fat-soluble. Buildup of vitamin A, K, E, or D—all of which are necessary in low levels—can cause problems with your heart and kidneys and can even be fatal in some cases. [Quartz] Though the FDA says on its vitamins information page that there “are many good reasons to consider taking supplements,” it indicates vitamins only “may be useful when they fill a specifically identified nutrient gap that cannot or is not otherwise being met by the individual's intake of food.” The CDC estimated in 2014 that “nine out of 10 people in the U.S. are indeed getting enough of some important vitamins and nutrients.” So why are so many Americans still taking multivitamins? Steven Salzberg, a medicine professor at Johns Hopkins, told NPR multivitamins are “a great example of how our intuition leads us astray.” “It seems reasonable that if a little bit of something is good for you, then more should be better for you. It’s not true,” Salzberg said. “Supplementation with extra vitamins or micronutrients doesn’t really benefit you if you don’t have a deficiency.” Americans’ abysmally bad diets also give vitamin companies some marketing ammunition. When the average American is eating just one or two servings of fruits and veggies a day (experts recommend as many as 10 servings of fruits and veggies a day for maximum benefits), a little boost of vitamins might seem like a good idea. But popping a pill isn’t going to make up for all those lost servings. “Food contains thousands of phytochemicals, fiber, and more that work together to promote good health that cannot be duplicated with a pill,” said nutritionist Karen Ansel. And if it’s those tasty gummy vitamins we’re falling back on, there’s an even better chance we’re not offsetting our sugar-and fat-laden diets. The women’s gummy multivitamins I was taking pack three grams of sugar per gummy. A serving size is two gummies. Even before breakfast, I was consuming six grams of sugar—almost a quarter of the American Heart Association’s recommended maximum sugar intake for women. So why, if there are so many signs pointing to no on multivitamins, had I never really heard any of them until that fateful visit to the doctor? Pediatrician Paul Offit explained in a 2013 New York Times opinion article that it might have something to do with a bill introduced in the 1970s: In December 1972, concerned that people were consuming larger and larger quantities of vitamins, the FDA announced a plan to regulate vitamin supplements containing more than 150 percent of the recommended daily allowance. Vitamin makers would now have to prove that these “megavitamins” were safe before selling them. Not surprisingly, the vitamin industry saw this as a threat, and set out to destroy the bill. In the end, it did far more than that. Industry executives recruited William Proxmire, a Democratic senator from Wisconsin, to introduce a bill preventing the FDA from regulating megavitamins. [Paul Offit, via the New York Times] That bill became law in 1976. Some 30 years later, almost a third of Americans were still taking a daily multivitamin. But count this gal out."
1. What Criteria (with examples) was the author using to judge whether or not vitamins are "worth it"?
2. How did the author establish their trustworthiness and credibility on the subject? Give examples.
3. Share something you learned in this essay that was surprising/memorable.