I simply gave you all the resources for the lab - I will complete the d2l Quiz, i just need the lab document
Microscope Lab Microscope and Cells Lab Pre-lab activity: Below are several useful websites with some introductions to the microscope (including a microscope use virtual activity) and some cell animations. Your instructor will tell you which activities are required and which are optional. Please inform your instructor if you come across any nonfunctional links. MICROSCOPES Parts of microscope - Click HERE for a labeled diagram, - Click HERE to quiz yourself on microscope parts, and - Click HERE for a discussion about the function of each part (look below advertisement) Microscope use, virtual activity (This will be useful during lab for at-home students) Note: You need the Flash 6 plugin to carry out this virtual activity, which is available for download at a link at the bottom of this web page.). On that page is also a link to: - the virtual activity where you adjust and use components of a virtual microscope (click HERE for the virtual activity, or use the link at the bottom of the web page) - a 7 minute video clip on microscope use (If you have the VLC Video Player (orange cone) installed, then this will run when you click on the Quicktime link. (Note that this site refers to the mechanical stage control knobs as the “X Y controls”) CELLS Click HERE for animated illustration (~2 min.) of some activities that occur in cells. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED! (Note: A longer version (8 minutes) with voice-over explanation of the cellular processes is available HERE ) Interactive size comparison websites: Click HERE for website on the Scale of the Universe: Zoom in and out by dragging the scroll bar to compare the sizes of things much tinier than atoms and much bigger than galaxies. Click HERE and zoom in by dragging the scroll bar to compare sizes of smaller and smaller things, from coffee bean to carbon atom. Click HERE for a size comparison with a human hair through various cell types down to virus . Lab Objectives: After completing this lab, you should be able to: 1. Label the parts of a compound light microscope and explain their function. 2. Describe how to use the microscope to efficiently locate and examine specimens.. 3. Describe proper care of the microscope. 4. Identify important unique features of various types of cells as well as the features shared by all. Lab Activities: 1. Identifying parts of the microscope. 2. Learning to use the microscope, including the examination of prepared slides (“e” slide, crossed threads slide) and the measurement and calculation of fields of view. 3. Examining, drawing, and labeling features for various types of living cells. https://microscopetalk.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/cm501.jpg https://www.biologycorner.com/microquiz/index.html http://www.microscopemaster.com/parts-of-a-compound-microscope.html http://www1.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/microscope/ http://www1.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/microscope/scope.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBZ5pwcuxjQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzcTgrxMzZk http://primaxstudio.com/stuff/scale_of_universe/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/ http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm Microscopes & Cells 2 Assignment for next week’s lab report: Complete the D2L quiz (labeling microscope diagrams and questions from the hard copy worksheet at the end of this handout, pp. 18-19) At the end of today’s lab you must submit photos in a Word document of your labeled drawings of cells, in the order indicated below. Each drawing should be done in pencil on unlined paper (unless you are making your drawings on a tablet) and should take up a quarter of a page. Draw only one cell for each unicellular organism and for Elodea, or only one colony for colonial organisms. Don’t forget figure numbers and captions indicating the type of cell and the total magnification you used for the drawing. - Amoeba (plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pseudopod) (maybe nucleus, contractile vacuole) - Paramecium (pellicle = plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cilia) (maybe nuclei, food vacuole, contractile vacuole) - Scenedesmus (cell wall, chloroplast, spines) - Pediastrum (cell wall, chloroplast) - Volvox (daughter colonies, if present) - Elodea (cell wall, cytoplasm, chloroplast) (central vacuole if have that view) - cheek cell (plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus) - pond water organisms (use key to identify, ask instructor how many) Photo credits for this handout: “SLS” indicates that the photo was taken by Dr. S. Lundin Schiller. Photos from the internet will include a link to their source. Introduction The microscope is an important tool in biology for visualizing objects and features that are too small for the unaided human eye to resolve, such as most cells and the organelles of eukaryotic cells. Becoming adept at using a microscope is an important skill for all biology students. Although there are various types of microscopes, you will be learning to use the two types that are used most in your biology classes: the compound light microscope and the stereoscopic microscope (“dissecting microscope”). The slides to be examined might be “prepared slides” (permanent slides with non- living specimens covered by permanently glued coverslips) or “wet mounts” (slides with living specimens in drops of liquid on your slide, which you cover with a coverslip). The slides used for wet mounts are usually flat, but “depression slides” that have a slight indentation (depression) in the middle can be used to provide more space for larger specimens. Microscopes & Cells 3 The living cells that you will examine today include both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic life forms. The multicellular forms represent varying levels of interdependence among the individual cells. Although not all eukaryotic feature will be visible at the resolving power of a compound light microscope, you should be able to discern the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and certain membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus (see your text, chapter 6). You will also see some features that are unique to the different types of cells (e.g. features that plant cells have but animal cells do not). Note that if a cell has a cell wall, the plasma membrane below the cell wall usually will not be visible. Also, the algae you examine today will have green chloroplasts, but in some algae a chloroplast seems to fill nearly the whole cell so that the cell just looks green. NOTE: If you are participating in the hands-on opportunities, you will have at least one prepared slide (the letter “e” glued onto a slide) and one flat slide and cover slip to use for making wet mounts of each of the 3 living specimens that we will have on hand (Elodea leaf, paramecium, and Pediastrum). REUSE the SAME slide and cover slip for all three of your wet mounts, cleaning slides in between samples (using the water bottle to rinse into the waste container and kimwipes to dry). Be sure to stay in your assigned seat during lab -- do NOT go over to look in anyone else’s microscope or to try to help out! When you are done, put any paper trash into the beaker at your station labeled “trash”, disinfect surfaces such as the table top and computer keyboard covering, and spray alcohol (but do not wipe) the microscope oculars and knobs. When making your wet mounts you should drag the coverslip along the top of the slide to the edge of the drop of liquid then carefully lower the coverslip down onto the liquid drop so as to avoid trapping air bubbles under your cover slip. When looking through a microscope, an air bubble will look like a perfect circle with a very dark edge, as shown below: http://www2.sluh.org/bioweb/microscopy/intro/index.html Figure 1. Air bubble, as viewed through a microscope (pointer indicating the middle bubble). Use two hands when lifting a microscope: One hand should be under the base, and one had should be on the arm of the microscope. As you read the description of the compound light microscope in the following section, label the microscope parts indicated on the worksheet diagram (second to the last page of this handout). Refer to Figures 1 and 2 to aid in identifying parts of the microscope. http://www2.sluh.org/bioweb/microscopy/intro/index.html Microscopes & Cells 4 http://binoculas.net/olympus-microscope-cx41/ (unlabeled image of microscope) Figure 2. Parts of the compound light microscope. Note that your microscope may differ a bit from this illustration. http://binoculas.net/olympus-microscope-cx41/ Microscopes & Cells 5 Identifying the parts of a compound light microscope The base of the microscope has a power switch and a light source with a light intensity adjustment (voltage adjustment) knob or slider. The top of the microscope is called the “head”, and connecting the base and the head is the “arm” of the microscope. You have a binocular microscope, so on the head there are two eyepieces to look through (if there is only one eyepiece it is a “monocular” microscope, and for these you should still keep both eyes open even though there is only one eyepiece). The lenses in these eyepieces are called ocular lenses. They magnify everything by 10, so they are 10X magnification lenses. A scale visible between the ocular lenses indicates the interpupillary distance, which you will be adjusting later. There is also a revolving nosepiece on the head, with cylindrical lenses hanging down called objective lenses. The shortest lens is the 4X “scanning” objective, which is the lowest power lens. The second shortest lens is the 10X intermediate power lens, and the third shortest lens is the 40X “high power” lens. If your microscope has a fourth, longest lens, it is the 100X “oil immersion” lens which we will not use in this class. When you are looking through a compound light microscope at a specimen, you are looking through two lenses (thus the term “compound” in the name): the oculars and whichever objective lens is snapped into position (i.e. pointing straight down). The total magnification is the magnification of the ocular lenses times the magnification of the objective lens. For example, if the scanning objective lens is in position then the total magnification would be 10 x 4 = 40X. Answer questions 1-9 on the worksheet at the end of this handout (pp. 18-19). Because the 4X scanning objective is the shortest, it provides the most space for maneuvering without risking bumping the objectives into the slide and scratching them