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1 SALESFORCE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING 5 SALESFORCE: ARCHITECTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING SALESFORCE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING Yuliia Farmer and Matthew Littrell University of North Alabama CIS - 622: Information Systems Design and Project Management Dr. Barry Cumbie October 18, 2020 INTRODUCTION Technology has transformed the way information is accessed and transferred. Since the 1950s, organizations have been using an increasingly complex and ever-changing system of mainframe computers to process their data. In the early days, mainframe computers were huge and prohibitively expensive. This led most organizations to purchase one or two machines and then implement “time-sharing” schedules so that their return on investment (ROI) was as great as possible. With time-sharing, several users could access a mainframe computer from connected stations that carried no processing power of their own. This type of shared computational power is the basic premise of the cloud. 1955 saw John McCarthy, who originally coined the term “artificial intelligence,” create a theory of sharing computing time among an entire group of users. Getting the most out of computing time was an important consideration in the 1950s because it could cost upwards of several million dollars. It was a ridiculously expensive asset, and maximizing it was a top priority among those who were shelling out the cash for the technology. Small companies couldn’t even afford to use computers, making moving to the type of automation enjoyed by larger companies impossible. McCarthy’s theory of “time-sharing” would be essential in helping get the most out of the computing time available, as well as making computing time available to smaller companies that couldn’t afford to buy their own mainframes. As technology evolved, the idea of cloud computing moved ahead incrementally, with little major advancement until the last year of the 1960s. In the mid-1960s, an American computer scientist named J.C.R. Licklider came up with an idea for an interconnected system of computers. In 1969, Licklider’s revolutionary idea helped Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts develop something known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). ARPANET is widely known as the “predecessor of the Internet” and was the first network that allowed digital sources to be shared among computers that were not in the same physical location. licklider also envisioned a world where everyone would be connected; to have the ability to access specific programs and data, regardless of where the access point might be located. Before cloud computing, companies had to store all their data and software on their own hard drives and servers. The bigger the company, the more storage they needed. This way of treating data is not scalable at speed. For example, if word started spreading about your business and you suddenly had a lot of online orders, your servers would probably crash. Good business meant hard work for the IT department. It's not just businesses that benefit from cloud computing. The cloud has transformed our lives as individuals as well. Many of us use cloud services every day. When we update our status on social media, binge a new streaming series, or check our bank accounts we're most likely using applications that are hosted by cloud services. These apps are accessed through an internet connection rather than installed on our hard drives or devices. Today, cloud technology means that companies can scale and adapt at speed and scale, accelerate innovation, drive business agility, streamline operations, and reduce costs. Not only can this help propel companies through the current crisis, it can lead to increased, sustainable growth. Companies that are more strategic in their approach to technology are doing better financially. They're achieving more than twice the average revenue growth of companies slow to implement and use their tech. In fact, 95 percent of leaders have adopted sophisticated cloud services. Cloud computing involves the delivery of computing servers such as data bases, networking, servers, and software over the internet (Banodha, & Saxena, 2014). This means that the users can be able to access the applications and software from anywhere. The diagram below shows how a cloud computing works. Cloud computing means that the main computing takes place on a remote machine (Orozco, 2017). The data that is collected through the cloud computing process is normally stored and processed by the remote servers (Banodha, & Saxena, 2014). The servers usually free up the memory as well as the individual computing power through software and the platforms. The users of the cloud computing can securely access the data from the cloud services through the credentials received from the providers of the computing services (Bil'ak, 2014). Cloud computing is important as it allows for rapid implementation since a business can sign up and begin utilizing the application on the cloud instantly (Bil'ak, 2014). There also no upfront costs. With Cloud computing it is possible to eliminate the capital expenditure cost. Cloud computing also allows for instant scalability since the number of users can be increased or decreased depending on the changing needs (Lee, 2014). The cloud computing is also maintenance free as it allows for the upgrading and the testing of applications (Bonde,2014). The cloud computing is also accessible anywhere. The cloud computing is usually designed to be accessed securely from anywhere from the connected devices. Cloud computing also offers better security. With cloud applications data is usually securely stored in the laptop hence cannot be accessed by anyone else apart from the user. One of the major players in the early days of cloud computing was Salesforce (and they remain so through today). Salesforce was founded in 1999 by Marc Benioff, a sales executive at Oracle, one of the largest software companies in the world. The company was founded on a single, bold premise – that software should be made available to the masses, on a 24/7 basis, over a global cloud computing infrastructure. No longer would companies have to bring in expensive software computer companies like SAP or Oracle to install standalone computer platforms inside the company’s walls, and at great cost. Benioff’s idea was to create a world where “companies could buy software outside of their own buildings, at lower cost and equal or greater efficiency, have everything stored on an external cloud.” Despite criticism and claims that it could not be done, Benioff went on to develop a cloud-based customer relationship management (CRM) software and, in doing so, Salesforce became an exceptionally successful company and a model for future cloud computing software programs. Salesforce editions on the hand offers a bundle of services and products that are geared towards different sets of business needs. Even as technology moved into the twenty-first century, there were not dramatic improvements in the CRMs available to businesses. Before the Salesforce “No Software” campaign of the early 2000s, a software company would contract with a business to outsource the software, data processing and storage, creating a CRMs system on their own server. Users had to access applications and files by logging in to an outside server from a device that had an internet connection. Companies had to make significant investments in software updates, which took place with relative frequency. These updates resulted in a disruption to work and a great deal of added cost. In order to complete updates, technicians had to manually install and maintain updates on every device used to access the software. Salesforce changed all of this. The best way to think about the architecture of Salesforce is as a series of layers of components. All Salesforce applications sit within the program that resides in the cloud; prebuilt offerings such as Sales Cloud and Marketing Cloud are fused in the multitenant cloud. Salesforce design is a multitenancy, meaning a sharing or participation of resources. The Salesforce platform offers a set of cloud-based services available to companies in the multitenant cloud. Regardless if an organization is large or small, all participating customers access platform in the cloud. Metadata-driven architectures are a preferred choice for implementing multitenancy. Multitenancy is an architectural approach that represents a significant time and cost saving for companies and users. Multitenancy is practical only when it can support applications that are trustworthy, customizable to developers, and fast for users. Multitenant application designs grew to use platforms to generate application components from metadata. Metadata is data about the application itself. In metadata-driven architecture, the Salesforce platform works through a metadata-driven development model. This model allows a developer to build applications that increase productivity. Because Salesforce operates in the cloud and is accessible by anyone who has access to the program from anywhere and gives them access to a much broader range of information regarding a customer than just their contact information, customer service changed dramatically. Information technology refers to the combination of hardware, software and services that people use to manage, communication and share information. The role of the information system is to support business goals. An information system has five components: computer hardware, computer software, data, process, and people. · Computer Hardware consists of everything that exists in the physical layer of the information system. Servers, workstations networks. Due to Salesforce's innovative uses of cloud computing, there are no hardware requirements. · Computer Software refers to the programs that, using the hardware, create a result intended by the program for the user. The software is made up of system software, as well as application software. Salesforce provides service as a Software (SaaS). This means Salesforce uses cloud-computing technology. Cloud computing hosts applications in the cloud, rather than on servers, and makes them available online. Software as a service (SaaS) is the primary model of cloud computing. Salesforce started as a SaaS CRM company. Salesforce now provides different software solutions for users and developers. As mentioned previously, Salesforce is based on a multitenant architecture, allowing multiple users to share the same technology without independently seeing to the application or infrastructure upgrades. All releases of changes or updates run automatically. SaaS provides the highest amount of customer support. It also allows the user to customize various aspects of the program, without coding or programming, making the software much more agile in its delivery and maintenance. · Data is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information. Every system creates input data. Data relates to the records that a business relies on to manage its customers, such as Users, Accounts, Contacts, Leads, and Opportunities. This data refers to custom objects in Salesforce. Custom objects refer to database tables that store data related to an organization. Salesforce relies strongly on Apex transactions, which involves the execution of a set of operations within one unit. Apex is an object-oriented program language, which let developers execute flow and controls within the system. All variables and expressions have a data type, such as sObject, primitive, or enum. · A primitive, such as an Integer, Double