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The Reflective Annotated Bibliography - Assignment #2 1 The Trauma Caused by Human Trafficking Human trafficking is an issue that exists all over the world. It is a term that many people are unfamiliar with. Individuals who force women, men, and children to do any type of forced labor, whether it be sexual or manual labor, they are considered human traffickers. Numerous people have no understanding of the health problems of human trafficking, which include physical and mental trauma. Since several health-care professionals are under-trained in attempting to deal with victims of human trafficking, experiments have been conducted to identify the best way to engage with and care for these victims. Bibliographic Entry: Marburger, K., & Pickover, S., 2020, “A Comprehensive Perspective on Treating Victims of Human Trafficking”, Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 13–24 Terminology/Keywords: Behavioral dysregulation Somatic complaints Self-loathing Somatic residue Cascading Depersonalization Elicited Précis: “A Comprehensive Perspective on Treating Victims of Human Trafficking”, gives a great perspective on how a victim should be treated in a variety of situations, including their battles with addiction, how health care professionals should treat them, and a study of all of the possible trauma that the victims may face. The author's general idea of what the best approaches and focuses are when dealing with these victims. One of the most effective strategies that healthcare professionals can use is support and advocacy. After dealing with all of the horrible things that can happen as a result of being trafficked, victims require a different kind of support. Victims will eventually trust people again if they feel like someone cares about their well-being and is trying to nurse them back to health. Reflection: Marburger and Pickover, in my opinion, did an excellent job of breaking down the main points of this reading. I like how the authors investigate what characteristics of the survivors contribute to being trafficked. Marburger and Pickover stayed on top to inform me about the various types of therapy that may assist victims of human trafficking. Giving me a story from a well-known survivor enables me to comprehend the amount of research done to raise awareness of someone's experience and the mental adjustments made in response to her husband's trafficking of her. Overall, it was well-written, and health-care professionals should read it to fully understand how to engage with a human trafficking victim. Quotables: “Counselors treating a human trafficking survivor need to develop a wide-ranging view of assessment, treatment, case management, support, advocacy, and termination from counseling.”(Marburger and Pickover, 2020, P.21). “The goal of this article is to provide mental health professionals with a systemic view of this crime from various perspectives so that they can implement wraparound-focused treatment plans.”(Marburger and Pickover, 2020, P.14). “Having knowledge of these complex factors will allow mental health professionals to devise trauma-sensitive approaches to treat survivors of human trafficking.” (Marburger and Pickover, 2020, P.14). “Victims of human trafficking have often been robbed of their identities, had their self-esteem demolished, and already experienced physical and psychological abuse before they became victims of human traffickers.” (Marburger and Pickover, 2020, P.17). Bibliographic Entry: Hopper, E. K., Azar, N., Bhattacharyya, S., Malebranche, D. A., & Brennan, K. E., JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-INFORMED SOCIAL WORK 2018, “STARS experiential group intervention: a complex trauma treatment approach for survivors of human trafficking”, VOL. 15, NO. 2, 215–241. Terminology/Keywords: Interpersonal trauma Comorbid depression Dysregulation Provision Hallmark emotional Stimuli Transcultural Précis: “STARS experiential group intervention: a complex trauma treatment approach for survivors of human trafficking” written by Hoppera, Azara, Bhattacharyyab, Malebranchea, and Brennanc demonstrated a 17-victim experiment to differ what are the best interventions to use when dealing with human trafficking survivors. Human trafficking victims ability to adapt to six different types of interventions for dealing with trauma is what they tested in each of the 17 survivors. To avoid overwhelming the survivors, each session with them was limited to an hour or two. This extensive study's completion contributed to educating medical professionals on how to treat these unique types of victims. Reflection: According to my way of thinking, the intervention that would have the best outcome would be trust and group building. As it is the most difficult to pursue, once victims have that sense of trust in another person after all they have experienced, it can help them return to a more stable spot in their daily life. When they achieve a breakthrough in their trust for others, group work and activities should be used. They can work to not only feel as if they only have themselves to rely on, as they did when they were trafficked, but also to have a safe group of people with whom they can trust and start communicating with. People who have been in similar situations to them are usually the best people to talk to first. Since they relate to one another they are more prepared to assist each other in similar situations. I believe that this research was a great experiment that provided information for counselors and health professionals to use in determining how victims can rebuild the trust in others. Quotables: “The STARS Experiential Group model focuses on six intervention themes of complex trauma, including: (1) trust and group building, (2) regulation, (3) relationships and boundaries, (4) parts of self, (5) personal power, and (6) future orientation.”(Hoppera, Azara, Bhattacharyyab, Malebranchea, and Brennanc, 2018, P.220). “The results of this paper are based on a qualitative analysis of self-report and observational data from a pilot series of experiential body-based complex trauma groups for survivors of human trafficking.” (Hoppera, Azara, Bhattacharyyab, Malebranchea, and Brennanc, 2018, P.220). “Participants included 17 females with a history of trauma exposure, including being at high risk for or having a documented history of sex trafficking.” (Hoppera, Azara, Bhattacharyyab, Malebranchea, and Brennanc, 2018, P.220). “The STARS art group members engaged in individual and group oriented art activities involving exploration of various media (water colors, chalk pastels, collage), guided visualizations, and journaling that targeted complex trauma impacts.” (Hoppera, Azara, Bhattacharyyab, Malebranchea, and Brennanc, 2018, P.221). “Within each of these domains, several themes emerged that capture the shared experiences of participants.” (Hoppera, Azara, Bhattacharyyab, Malebranchea, and Brennanc, 2018, P.222). Bibliographic Entry: Litam, S. D. A., 2017, “Human Sex Trafficking in America: What Counselors Need to Know”, The Professional Counselor, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 45–61. Terminology/Keywords: Cisgender Phenomenon Illicit Stockholm syndrome Grooming process Façade Bidirectional countries Précis: “Human Sex Trafficking in America: What Counselors Need to Know” by Stacey Diane A. Litam is an article about how counselors who work with human trafficking survivors should be more aware of the warning signs to look for and how to specifically treat them. His main concern is the need for treating each survivor differently depending on their experiences. Everyone experienced different things, so they must deal with their trauma in ways that benefit their unique circumstances. A main priority for Litam is to make clear the critical message that when dealing with these situations, counselors and healthcare professionals must take precaution when using the word "victim." Reflection: I believe that Litam is hoping to communicate that although there is an abundance of information about the overview of human trafficking, when it comes to the statistics of mental health problems that come from being a survivor is very limited especially to the providers. Not only should healthcare professionals/therapists be aware of any signs of a victim, but so should school counselors/staff be aware of any signs that could indicate that a student is being trafficked. It's not always the easiest task for a student to speak out about what is going on due to their age or them personally knowing their trafficker. It is up to the schools to look into students beginning to show markings on their skin, depression, anxiety, and feelings of being overwhelmed. Litam did an excellent job of demonstrating how sex trafficking is a major problem in the United States and how others apart from health care providers need to be made aware of signs of the victims. Quotables: “ Although a body of research exists on the topics of human trafficking, literature specific to the mental health implications for counselors working with this population is limited.” (Litam, 2017, P.45). “It is essential that counselors build trust with the client by demonstrating unconditional positive regard, empathy and authenticity.”(Litam, 2017, P.52). “School counselors need to be mindful of signs that students are being trafficked.”(Litam, 2017, P.52). “Counselors and other helping professionals should assess clients for signs of trafficking, including instances in which clients are under 18 and providing commercial sex acts, have a controlling older boyfriend, work excessively long or unusual hours, or have few personal possessions.” (Polaris, 2015). (Litam, 2017, P.52). “In addition to taking the client’s trafficking situation into consideration, it is important to remain mindful of the language used when working with this population. Clients will rarely, if ever, identify with the term trafficked and also are likely to struggle with identifying their partner and protector as a pimp or trafficker.” (Chesnay, 2013). (Litam, 2017, P.53). “Counselors working with sex trafficked survivors should be prepared to employ a variety of trauma-sensitive interventions to support the individual needs of each client.”(Litam, 2017, P.54). Bibliographic Entry: Roney, L. N., & Villano, C. E, 2020, “Recognizing Victims of a Hidden Crime: Human Trafficking Victims in Your Pediatric Trauma Bay”, Journal of Trauma Nursing, 27(1), 37–41. Terminology/Keywords: Surpassing Chronic Bilaterally Intranasal naloxone Subdural hematoma Craniotomy Oropharynx Précis: Recognizing Victims of a Hidden Crime: Human Trafficking Victims in Your Pediatric Trauma Bay by Roney and Villano is a reading that informs on how human trafficking in minors is the most under-publizied type of child abuse that there is. Roney and Villano want to inform healthcare professionals on how they can recognize these victims in these situations. In this article, Roney and Villano offer numerous guidelines for healthcare professionals to stick to when trying to work with these minors. Depending