I need the following question answered:
Question - In your own words, describe the difference between 'relief' and 'development'.
*** The attached reference PPT must be used as a requirement per the paper*** no rubric for this paper
Global Health and Health Transitions Relief:Intervention that saves lives and relieves human suffering.Focuses on the short-term/acute actions to meet basic immediate needs such as health care, clean water, sanitation, shelter and psychological assistance (given the context of conflict in some of affected areas). Recovery and rehabilitation:Restoration of local services related to immediate needs that can be re-established to acceptable levels within a reasonably short period of time. The services include social infrastructure, such as schools and health centers; peace-building and livelihood restoration activities to help individuals and communities regain their economic independence. Reconstruction/Development:Longer-term strengthening or local capacity building to help people in the affected areas rebuild and develop their lives and meet their own needs. Experience of many donors, governments and aid organizations in dealing with emergencies has highlighted the importance of developing program and funding strategies that both address immediate humanitarian needs and support concurrent and subsequent efforts aimed at creating conditions conducive to recovery and sustained development. Example: In Africa, the continuing trend of crisis throughout the continent is perceived as bleeding aid money away from development as donors attempt to address the ever-mounting relief needs. Many fear that, if planned and implemented in isolation, such humanitarian interventions will steadily replace development and breed long-term dependencies, undermine indigenous coping strategies and, in the long term, actually increase vulnerabilities. The idea of linking relief and development is not new. In the post Gulf war period, ideas concerning the linking of relief and development have gained further currency -- very much in parallel to a growing awareness of a need to better understand and respond to the root causes of complex and "chronic" emergencies. Despite the appearance of "permanent emergency" in a number of countries and a tacit acknowledgment that in some cases, the threat of disaster at human and economic level should be considered to be the norm, some observers use the notion of a relief to development "continuum" to reflect the view that emergencies should be considered as no more than an interruption to the process of otherwise linear development. SELECTED NATURAL DISASTERS, 2007-2009 Tulsa Flooding & Storms May-June 2019 2022 - Global Deaths from Natural Disasters by Type 10 deadliest natural disasters of 2022 Floods Kill at least 233 in Brazil – February 2022 Flooding Kills at least 461 in south Africa – April 2022 Tropical Storm Megi Kills at least 214 in Philippines – April 2022 Earthquake in Afghanistan Kills at least 1,036 – June 2022 Flooding in India kills at least 192 Lives – June to September 2022 Floods Kill at least 1,739 in Pakistan – June to October 2022 Floods in Nigeria Kill at least 612 – June to November 2022 Drought Kills At least 200 in East Africa – July 2022 Floods Kill More Than 182 in Afghanistan – August 2022 Earthquake Kills at least 334 in Indonesia – November 2022 SELECTED COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES OF IMPORTANCE SELECTED REFUGEE POPULATIONS AND SOURCE OF REFUGEES, 2006 INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE: SELECTED COUNTRIES GUIDELINES ON MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCY SETTINGS THE CODE OF CONDUCT: PRINCIPLES OF CONDUCT FOR THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT AND NGOS IN DISASTER RESPONSE PROGRAMS Global health refers to health problems that transcend national borders — problems such as infectious and insect-borne diseases that can spread from one country to another. Also, includes health problems that are of such magnitude that they have a political and economic impact globally. What is Global Health? Refers to health problems that are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions — solutions that involve more than one country. Problems where countries can learn from one another’s experiences, both in how diseases spread and in how they can be treated and controlled. Cooperation across countries is essential to addressing those health problems across national borders. Global Health HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TERM Public Health: Developed as a discipline in the mid 19th century in UK, Europe and US. National issues. Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations, social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs cure. International Health: Developed during past decades, came to be more concerned with the diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) and conditions (war, natural disasters) of middle/low income countries. Tended to denote a one way flow of ‘good ideas’. Global Health: More recent in its origin - emphasises a greater scope of health problems and solutions that transcend national boundaries requiring greater inter-disciplinary approach Global Health …. Approach to health globally has evolved from tropical health/ international health to global health Global health has been described as: “encompassing ‘health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, and may best be addressed by cooperative actions’” and may be viewed “not just as a state but also the goal of improving health for all people by reducing avoidable disease, disabilities, and deaths.” - Institute of Medicine, 2009; DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN GLOBAL HEALTH Social sciences Behavioural sciences Law Economics History Engineering Biomedical sciences Environmental sciences Important to address global health issues for the following reasons Humanitarian reasons: Triple ‘Big’ Infections: Malaria/TB/AIDS An estimated 2.8 million people died from AIDS, the vast majority of them in developing nations. More than 15 million children have been orphaned as a result of AIDS. Working to solve global health problems will help avert the needless suffering and preventable deaths of millions of adults and children. There has been important progress in life expectancy … yet …. 10,000 babies die every day in the world before they are four weeks old 529,000 women a year die in childbirth More than 750,000 children die every year of measles More than 3 million people die in the world every year of TB or Malaria HUMANITARIAN REASONS Important to address global health issues for the following reasons Equity reasons: Roughly 90 percent of the world’s health care resources are spent on diseases that affect 10 percent of the world’s population. Working to solve GH problems will help ensure that money and resources are distributed more fairly across the globe. Important to address Global Health issues for the following reasons Direct impact reasons: Increasingly connected world, diseases can move as freely as people and products. Infectious diseases can easily cross national borders and pose immediate threats in the U.S.— diseases such as SARS, avian flu, and drug resistant TB. Globalization – Goods, Foods & Disease Important to address global health issues for the following reasons Indirect impact reasons: GH matters to Americans for reasons that may not be immediately clear, but that are nevertheless very real. Example: Rising incidences of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB - increasing poverty and political instability in many countries causing political and economic consequences her non-infectious causes arising in the perinatal per iod apart from prematurity, low birth weight, birth Note: “Neo trauma and natal Infections and Other” category also includes ot asphyxia. Global Burden of Disease: Leading Causes of Death Rank Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries High-Income Countries 1Lower respiratory infections Ischemic heart disease Ischemic heart disease 2Diarrheal diseases Stroke and other cerebro- vascular diseases Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases 3HIV/AIDS Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 4Ischemic heart disease Lower respiratory infections Alzheimer and other dementias 5Malaria Diarrheal diseases Lower respiratory infections 6 Stroke and other cerebro- vascular diseases HIV/AIDS Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7Tuberculosis Road traffic accidents Colon and rectum cancers 8 Prematurity and low birth weight Tuberculosis Diabetes mellitus 9 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma Diabetes mellitus Hypertensive heart disease 10Neonatal infections and otherHypertensive heart diseaseBreast cancer Source: WHO, “The Top Ten Causes of Death,“ fact sheet #310, May 2011, ” http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310_2008.pdf. Key Stakeholders in Global Health Multilateral and International Organizations Global Fund UN Agencies, such as: WHO UNAIDS UNFPA GAVI Stop TB Roll Back Malaria Countries Donor countries, such as those in the Group of 8 (G-8, including United States of America, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France) and the Group of 20 (G-20) Partner countries, such as South Africa, Vietnam, and Haiti Private Sector Businesses, including pharmaceutical companies Foundations Acad./Research Organizations Universities Research institutions Think tanks Civil Society Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Community organizations Individuals Affected individuals Family members Community members SELECTED BILATERAL AGENCIES INVOLVED IN RELIEF & DEVELOPMENT IN GLOBAL HEALTH SELECTED NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN RELIEF & DEVELOPMENT IN GLOBAL HEALTH Selected Global Health Initiatives Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI) 2000 Abuja Declaration 2000 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2000 United Nations General Assembly on HIV/AIDS 2001 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria 2002 U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 2003 World Health Organization 3x5 Initiative 2003 International Health Regulations 2005/2007 International Health Partnership Plus (IHP+) 2007 UN “Development Agenda” Sustainable Development Goals’ 2015 United Nations Millennium Development Goals’ Review Summit 2010 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 1.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.8% 1.4% 2.8% 22.2% 4.4% 5.7% 3.8% 8.1% 2.5% 4.7% 1.7% 6.0% 23.5% 0.1% Japan Italy France Canada Ireland Sweden Australia Norway Germany United Kingdom Netherlands United States Share of World GDP Share of All Resources for HIV/AIDS Donor Share of World GDP Compared to Share of All Resources Available for HIV/AIDS, 2008 Agency Labor Peace Corps CDC Homeland Security USAID Bureaus for: Global Health; Economic Growth, Agriculture & Trade; Democracy, Conflict, Humanitarian Assistance Commerce EPA Defense USDA NIH FDA HRSA PEPFAR HHS OGHA OPHS MCC PMI Water for Poor NTD Avian Influenza Action Group K E YDepartment Independent Dept. Operating Mu Unit ncy lti-Age Initiative GHI Dept. of State OGAC OES Ambassadors Missions Schematic of the U.S. Government’s Global Health Architecture The White House C O N G R E S S Programs for Diseases and Conditions PEPFAR (HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis) President’s Malaria Initiative (Malaria) Neglected and Tropical Diseases Population-Based and Other Programs Maternal and Children’s Health Family Planning and Reproductive Health Nutrition Clean Water Key Global Heath Programs Supported by U.S. Government U.S. GLOBAL HEALTH FUNDING, FY 2011 – FY 2021 (IN BILLIONS)