I need the following question answered:
Question
- Discuss the challenges for the NGO (Non-Governmental Organizations) community due to globalization.
***The attached file/reference is a requirement for the paper***
Globalization, NGO’s Globalization “Globalization refers to the emergence and spread of a supraterritorial dimensions of social relation. In institutional terms, the process has unfolded through the proliferation and growth of so-called transnational corporations, popular associations and regulatory agencies (global Companies; Global Civil Society and Global Regimes).” “Globalization is the internationalization of major financial markets, technology, and of important sectors of manufacturing and services…..The world economy ….dominated by uncontrolled global market forces and has principal actors and major agents of change truly transnational who owe allegiance to no nation and locate wherever on the globe market dictates”. Globalization “Globalization is a process that has been going on for the past 5000 years but has significantly accelerated since the demise of Soviet Union in 1991.Elements of globalization include transborder capital, labor management, news, images, and data flows. ……From a humanist perspective, globalization entails both positive and negative consequences: it is both narrowing and widening the income gaps among and within nations, (both) intensifying and diminishing political domination, and (both) homogenizing and pluralizing cultural identities” The term Globalization refers to processes of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Challenges of Globalization: New wave of complex emergencies New form of Global Poverty Declining capacity of National Governments Challenges of Globalization: Weak and Outmoded Global Institutions New Pressures for accountability and Efficiency New Pressures to Respond Globally Recreating Purpose and “Mystique” Since 1970’s rapid shift has taken place in the roles of public, private and nonprofit sector. In wake of fiscal crisis, the cold war, ideological attacks, and privatization, the scope and capacity of national governments has declined. The expansion of private sector has continued and new more global nonprofit sector has emerged. This sector of nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) has began to fill the vacuum left by nation-states in international relief and development activities. Along with changes in states capacities, the magnitude of challenges to NGOs has grown. Failed states, end of cold war, rise of ethnic identity movements have spawned civil wars and human disasters. In both developing and developed world, global economic changes have generated new economic disparities as well as changes in the depth of poverty. Competitive pressures and regional commitments further limit the ability of governments to respond to all of the social and economic demands made by citizens. Accelerating Growth of the International Nonprofit Sector First transformation started in 1960s with the era of rapid growth and development of MNCs. These corporations experimented with a number of models of global organizations and a few started having a fully international board and also hired international staff. However, a few observed feared a conflict between these multinationals and nations, who could feel these as a threat to their sovereignty.Others saw these multinationals as a force for efficient, cooperative, global organization.. Second transformation began rather quietly in the late 1960s – the global nonprofit sector began to emerge – obscured by the first. This sector began to fill the vacuum in human services left in international relief and development work by both corporations and nation-states. The international nonprofit sector growth took off in 1970s and accelerated in the 1980’s and 1990’s. While NGO growth figures can be varied, it is accepted rather unanimously that this growth has been substantial since 1970’s. By 1994 the annual revenues of US based international NGOs increased to almost $7 Billion. Similar increase in growth was observed in 25 OECD group. It estimates that this number grew from 1,600 in 1980 to more than 2,500 in 1990. Within the developing world the number of local NGOs has also mushroomed. It is reported that there are more than 250,000 Southern NGOs among which more than 200,000 are grassroot membership groups and 50,000 are nationally based grassroot support groups. Some estimate that the number of local NGOs in developing countries is between 20,000 – 50,000. The rapid growth and changing composition of the NGO sector in recent years can be observed within developing countries National NGO Multinational NGO Fully Multinational NGO (Transnational) Same terms were used to describe MNCs in 1960s based on differences – where corporations locate their operations; Produce/deliver their core services and products; Undertake their support services; Get their staff, money, equipment; and Undertake their governance through national and international boards. Three stages of an NGO becoming multinational: Stage 1 – home office in country of origin, national staff and board. (e.g. MSF) Stage 2 – may do more than simply export services. It may set up overseas offices, hire local staff in technical and support capacity; not many international staffers in HQ (eg. Mercy Corps) Stage 3 – NGO takes on many but not all multinational features.(eg CARE; OXFAM) Many Reasons for Rapid Growth 1970s – Many private foundationsand private donors provided resources for community based institutional capacity building and organizational development. 1980s – World recession and fiscal crisis led to a vacuum in public delivery of social services – leading to growth. 1990s – End of the cold war led to a chain reaction in Eastern Europe Reasons for Rapid Growth Public Fiscal crisis Collapse of Soviet Union Democratic openings Bilateral and multilateral incentives PrivateGiving Improved Global Communications Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) A civic or public advocacy organization, which generates, transfers, or administers humanitarian and other aid (development / relief) Generally, NGO's are organized as nonprofit corporations (charities) Can be local or international (INGOs) May work with or independent of government Generally, do not include professional associations, businesses, and foundations NGOs are organizations that: Provide useful goods or services, thereby serving a specified public purpose. Are not allowed to distribute profits to persons in their individual capacities. Are voluntary in the sense that they are created, maintained, and terminated on the basis of voluntary decisions and initiatives by members or a board of directors. Exhibit value based rationality, often with ideological components. Other players in disaster health management Government National State/Provincial Local United Nations Donors Hybrid organisations with own defined status International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Related Acronyms CBO: Community-Based Organization CSO: Civil Society Organisation DONGO: Donor-Organized Non-Governmental Organization GONGO: Government-Organized Non-Governmental Organization IO: International Organisation NGDO: Non-Governmental Development Organization PDO: Private Development Organization PSO: Public Service Organization PVO: Private Voluntary Organization QUANGO: QUasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organization VO: Voluntary Organization ORGANIZATIONFUNCTION UN Development Program (UNDP)Largest grants for sustainable human development UN Children’s (Emergency) Fund (UNICEF)Lead UN Organization for the survival, protection, and development of Children UN Environment Program (UNEP)Encourages sound environmental practices UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)Protects refugee security and well-being UN Population Fund (UNPF)Population assistance to developing countries World Food Program (WFP)Largest global food aid organization UNAIDSCoordinates UN efforts to battle HIV/AIDS UN Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)Promotes & Protects rights established in the UN Charter and in International human rights. UN Human Settlement ProgramAssist people living in health threatening housing UN Conference on Trade & DevelopmentPromotes fair International Trade Selected UN Organizations AGENCYFUNCTION World Health Organization (WHO)To act as the directing & coordinating authority on global health work International Labor Organization (ILO)Sets and monitors employment standards Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)Helps raise standards of nutrition, UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)Promotes education, cultural development & protection of natural & cultural heritage, press freedom & communication International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)Mobilize financial resources for better food production & nutrition among the poor in developing countries UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)Promotes industrial advancement of developing countries through technical assistance, advisory services & training Selected UN Specialized Agencies Selected Bilateral Development Assistance Agencies Involved in Global Health Examples of NGOs involved in disaster & humanitarian crisis response Care MSF Oxfam Red Cross (not ICRC) Save the Children St John Ambulance World Vision Types of U.S. Foreign Aid, 2018 Recipients of U.S. Foreign Aid, 2019 How NGOs operate? NGOs vary greatly Organizational structure is similar to businesses Usually non-rigid hierarchy; significant flexibility and authority at the field level International NGOs often team up with local NGOs or have regional or local branches Core values Neutrality Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint Impartiality Aid given regardless of race, creed, or nationality Aid is based on need alone Independence Aid agencies shall not act as instruments of government foreign policy What do they do? Operational verses Advocacy Grassroots, long-term projects, development work Willing to work in high risk areas; not constrained by sovereignty In theory, emphasis on sustainability Full integration with local population Good positioning for disaster response Strengths Usually have excellent advocacy or lobbying capacity Can fill gaps-specialised skills/capacity Usually mobilise quickly Often well connected at local level Weaknesses Can duplicate services Turf wars can erupt May step outside their areas of specialty Often overcommit/overextend capacities May not be so good at sustainability Funding Funding sources Private Donations (citizens, businesses and foundations) International Organizations (UN) National Governments Perceptions are important Importance of public relations and the Media Bilateral Aid Bilateral aid:money given directly from one country to another Major donor nations (>$10 billion each in 2010): United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan Major donor nations as % GNI (>0.8%): Norway, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands United States: <0.2% gni private foundations private foundations are making an increasingly significant contribution to spending on global public health example: the bill & melinda gates foundation provides more than $1 billion each year to support health technologies local – gkff, helmerich, warren. personal donations millions of individuals make donations each year americans donated nearly $300 billion to charity in 2011 73% from individuals rather than foundations or corporations represents about 2% of disposable income ngos required in disasters donors also rely on ngos, because of their access to the populations in need and again, their access is dependent on their neutrality ngos, as implementing partners of donor organizations, are the legs on which disaster response stands ngo monitoring little external monitoring self-regulation:ngo standards red cross code of conduct interaction pvo standards sphere minimum standards in disaster response ngo culture independent: need to cooperate decentralized authority on-the-job training (changing however) often develop a range of field guidelines, e.g. msf, red cross hopefully develop long-term perspective ngos coordination us/usaid embassy team other government agencies un coordination entities [unhcr, wfp, undp, unicef, ocha, special humanitarian coordinator] ngo-only coordination bodies/field-level coordination meetings host government ministries / authorities civil-military cooperation or operation centers gni="" private="" foundations="" private="" foundations="" are="" making="" an="" increasingly="" significant="" contribution="" to="" spending="" on="" global="" public="" health="" example:="" the="" bill="" &="" melinda="" gates="" foundation="" provides="" more="" than="" $1="" billion="" each="" year="" to="" support="" health="" technologies="" local="" –="" gkff,="" helmerich,="" warren.="" personal="" donations="" millions="" of="" individuals="" make="" donations="" each="" year="" americans="" donated="" nearly="" $300="" billion="" to="" charity="" in="" 2011="" 73%="" from="" individuals="" rather="" than="" foundations="" or="" corporations="" represents="" about="" 2%="" of="" disposable="" income="" ngos="" required="" in="" disasters="" donors="" also="" rely="" on="" ngos,="" because="" of="" their="" access="" to="" the="" populations="" in="" need="" and="" again,="" their="" access="" is="" dependent="" on="" their="" neutrality="" ngos,="" as="" implementing="" partners="" of="" donor="" organizations,="" are="" the="" legs="" on="" which="" disaster="" response="" stands="" ngo="" monitoring="" little="" external="" monitoring="" self-regulation:="" ngo="" standards="" red="" cross="" code="" of="" conduct="" interaction="" pvo="" standards="" sphere="" minimum="" standards="" in="" disaster="" response="" ngo="" culture="" independent:="" need="" to="" cooperate="" decentralized="" authority="" on-the-job="" training="" (changing="" however)="" often="" develop="" a="" range="" of="" field="" guidelines,="" e.g.="" msf,="" red="" cross="" hopefully="" develop="" long-term="" perspective="" ngos="" coordination="" us/usaid="" embassy="" team="" other="" government="" agencies="" un="" coordination="" entities="" [unhcr,="" wfp,="" undp,="" unicef,="" ocha,="" special="" humanitarian="" coordinator]="" ngo-only="" coordination="" bodies/field-level="" coordination="" meetings="" host="" government="" ministries="" authorities="" civil-military="" cooperation="" or="" operation="">