I need numbers 2, 5, 10, the last question answered on 11, 12-15 and the extra-credit. You also need the book Gandhi by Louis Fischer and South Asia in World History by Marc Jason Gilbert.
Online Unit Two Lecture South Asia under Personalist, Military, and Dictatorial Leaders (1964-1984) Lecture Topics and Themes: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Warfare, Partition, Liberation · Second India-Pakistan War (1965) · Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966) · Instabilities in Pakistan, Rann of Kutch, Tashkent Summit · Third India-Pakistan War (1971) · Indira Gandhi (1966-1977), Liberation of Bangladesh · Pakistan: Defeat, Partition, Dictatorship · Disillusionment, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-1977), General Zia ul-Haq (1977-1988) · Bangladesh: Mujibism and Islamization · Sheikh Rahman (Mujib), Awami League, Ziaur Rahman (1975-1981) · India’s Democracy in Peril: Madam’s Dictatorship · Personalist Leadership, National Emergency, “Disciplined Democracy” · Octogenarian Morarji Desai (1977-1979): Janata Party · Return of Indira Gandhi (1980-1984) India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Warfare, Partition, Liberation Second India-Pakistan War, 1965 · [TwoPP:1] Upon Nehru’s death in May 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966) was sworn in as Prime Minister of India. The succession was unanimously agreed upon and smoothly managed. Shastri had been a life-long Congress worker dedicated to the national cause. He was respected for his fair-mindedness and firm will. · But Shastri’s tenure in office was brief and tumultuous, mainly due to the outbreak of the second war between India and Pakistan in 1965. · For Pakistan, independence had come with much instability. Pakistan was born as a theocratic state. Could Pakistan become a modern nation while retaining Islamic orthodoxy? · Another key problem for Pakistan was how to govern a Pakistan that had emerged on both sides of India [TwoPP:2]. · None of the Pakistani bureaucrats and politicians could resolve these problems. That is how Pakistan fell to a military coup in 1958. General Muhammad Ayub Khan moved swiftly from commander-in-chief to both the Prime Minister and President of Pakistan. · Ayub Khan tried to distract the minds of the Pakistani people away from the domestic problems by waging war outside. [TwoPP:3] In April 1965, Pakistani troops fired at Indian border guards in the Rann of Kutch (Salt Marshes). Then, using American supplied weaponry, Pakistan infiltrated the western Indian states of Rajasthan, Kashmir, and Punjab. · By September 1965, the Second India-Pakistan War was in full swing. India possessed the clear military advantage and won the war. · The Soviet Union brought the two warring countries to the Soviet city of Tashkent in January 1966 for peace talks. [TwoPP:4] India and Pakistan pledged to restore normal diplomatic relations. · This Tashkent Summit was a diplomatic victory for the Soviet Union for it allowed the Soviet Union to juxtapose its supposedly peaceful diplomacy in the Third World against the “evil, imperialist” West. · For Pakistan, defeat to India was shocking as the nation had been fed on diet of victory reports. General Ayub Khan was now perceived as a weak leader who had made a terrible mistake by going to war with India. In defeat, General Khan resigned in 1969. · Sadly, for India, within hours of signing the peace treaty on January 10, 1966, Shastri suffered a fatal heart attack and died in Tashkent itself. Third India-Pakistan War (1971) Indira Gandhi (1966-1977) · Nehru’s daughter, [TwoPP:5] Indira Gandhi (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi!), 48 years, was selected Prime Minister in 1966. She promised to continue all her father’s policies. · Upon assumption to power, Indira Gandhi faced many challenges. · In Punjab, Sikhs, [TwoPP:6] angered by the partial loss of their state to Pakistan in the Partition, demanded an independent nation of their own, Khalistan. · Unfortunately for the Sikhs, in 1966 they lost even more of what was left of their state when the south-eastern part of Punjab, populated by Hindus, separated to form Haryana. And the hilly area in the north-east of Punjab also separated to form Himachal Pradesh. [TwoPP:6] · In India’s tribal northeast, the Mizo tribe in Assam demanded a state of their own, Mizoram. [TwoPP:7] But the Mizo demands were met with army gunfire. · Indira Gandhi also faced a series of economic and political problems. She allowed the wealthy to evade taxes. There was nepotism. Her [TwoPP:8] son Sanjay was appointed top manager of India’s new automobile manufacturing industry. · The Congress party and the government were made extensions of Indira Gandhi’s will. · In foreign relations, Indira wanted the help of the US for India’s Green Revolution to boost crop production. [TwoPP:9] She travelled to America in 1966 to seek U.S. assistance in increasing food production. But Indira was outspoken in her criticism of the U.S. involvement in Vietnam. President Johnson, critical of Indira Gandhi, thus delayed food aid. [TwoPP:10] Relations between Indira and President Nixon were also marred by mutual distrust. · Such economic and political problems at home and worsening relations with the US were significant challenges. But Indira Gandhi somewhat overcame these challenges by her strong leadership during a major crisis that confronted India in 1971, the third undeclared war between India and Pakistan. · At the end of this war, Pakistan, which had emerged on both sides of India upon independence, lay partitioned. [TwoPP:11] A new country emerged out of Pakistan in the East, Bangladesh. So, we are now talking about not just war between India and Pakistan (the third war) but also the Liberation of Bangladesh. Liberation of Bangladesh · For the Liberation of Bangladesh, we must look at problems within Pakistan. [TwoPP:11] · Pakistan was ruled from West Pakistan. This caused for a sense of internal colonialism of West Pakistan over East Pakistan. East Pakistan was essentially a “colony” of the West. · There was a widespread perception in West Pakistan that East Pakistan Muslims were lesser Muslims because of their Bengaliness (recall that this area used to be the Indian state of Bengal before the partition). Bengali protests were dismissed as un-Islamic or anti-Islamic. But they did have much to protest about. · There were glaring economic disparities between Pakistan’s East and West. East Pakistan was economically underdeveloped and impoverished. East Pakistan was about 15% of the total land area of Pakistan. Yet more than half, 55% of Pakistan’s 120 million people, lived here. · Despite earning most of Pakistan’s hard-earned currency by exporting jute, East Pakistan received few national development funds. · And little military protection too. In the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, East Pakistan was practically undefended because the armed forces were amassed in West Pakistan. · The language issue was a focal point of Pakistan’s East-West conflict. Urdu was spoken in West Pakistan. For West Pakistan, the Bengali script, used in the East, and which evolved from Sanskrit, was irksome. But for East Pakistan, using Bengali was a matter of regional pride, cultural identity, and democratic principles. Annoying to West Pakistan, a song of Rabindranath Tagore, India’s great philosopher and a towering cultural figure of colonial Bengal (Amar Shonar Bangla) was chosen as the national anthem of a Bangladesh to come. · Because of this language controversy, East Pakistan had organized a general strike and massive demonstrations on 21 February 1952. But many were arrested and killed. February 21 since then became a key national holiday in Bangladesh. More recently, in 1999, following a proposal by the Bangladesh government, UNICEF created International Mother Language Day, celebrated annually on 21 February. · Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the military leaders of Pakistan crushed popular opposition in East Pakistan by arrests, torture, and murder. · As the slaughter of East Pakistanis by West Pakistan continued, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), [TwoPP:11] the East Pakistan Bengali leader belonging to the Awami League, issued the Declaration of Independence on 25-26 March 1971. East Pakistan wanted to be its own separate country and declared itself as independent Bangladesh. Mujib was arrested subsequently by West Pakistan. · West Pakistan retaliated with more military oppression to violently clamp the lid on the protests. Ordinary Bangladeshis, peasants and students, fought against the well-equipped Pakistani armed forces. [TwoPP:12] · Due to the escalating violence, millions of people arrived in India as refugees. These refugees had to be housed and fed. The Indian state of West Bengal, and especially its capital Calcutta, faced the tremendous problem of caring for these refugees. By December 1971, India had almost 10 million refugees. This was enormously costly for India! India appealed to the world to help stop the genocide in East Pakistan and address the refugee crisis. But the response of the western countries was to stay committed to Pakistan, irrespective of the suffering of the Bengalis and India. US President Richard Nixon stood by West Pakistan throughout. · The liberation struggle of Bangladesh metamorphosed into a full-scale war between Pakistan and India in December 1971 when the West Pakistani troops stationed in the East began shelling the Indian border. Pakistan also attacked India in the West. When the Indian army replied, the Pakistani forces were quickly and decisively defeated. · Pakistan signed the [TwoPP:13] Instrument of Surrender on 14 December 1971. Bangladesh became a sovereign, independent State. · President Nixon continued to blame India for the conflict and even called Prime Minister Indira Gandhi an Old Witch! Nixon also pursued gun-boat diplomacy when he ordered the dispatch of the U.S. warship Enterprise, a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, to support the ruthless military dictatorship of Pakistan and intimidate India. · Fortunately for India, a countermove by the Soviet fleet in the Indian Ocean acted as an effective deterrent in any eventuality of a military move by the U.S. or China. Moscow’s support to India and Bangladesh favorably cast an image of the Soviet Union as a real champion of national liberation movements. Pakistan: Defeat, Partition, Dictatorship · Pakistan emerged from this third undeclared war with India in defeat and with less than half its population. Pakistan’s economy was on the brink of collapse, its myth of Muslim unity lay destroyed, its spirit was sorely deflated. Its spirit had first been buoyed by the news that the U.S. was sending a naval task force. But then Pakistan became disillusioned by its empty presence and exit from the region (Bay of Bengal) · With the military in defeat, [TwoPP:14] a civilian leadership led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-1977) came into power in Pakistan. Bhutto was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples’ Party (PPP) in 1967. However, despite his democratic appeal, Bhutto’s rule became increasingly autocratic and personalized. Bhutto rigged elections, receiving more votes than the total electorate in some districts. Political opponents mysteriously disappeared, became ill, or narrowly escaped assassination. · Bhutto purged the army officers and created a competing and personalized military and police units such as the Federal Security Force. He directed the scarce resources to such competing military units