PART 1 – 27 points total Chief science officer of the Nadesico; multi-part questions.Captain Yurika Please read the following scenario and then answer the questions with complete sentences using...

I need help completing this exam due 9/25 by 6 p.m. It is for cell Biology


PART 1 – 27 points total Chief science officer of the Nadesico; multi-part questions.Captain Yurika Please read the following scenario and then answer the questions with complete sentences using correct grammar and spelling. You have days to complete these questions, there is no reason for sloppy work to be submitted. You are the chief science officer on the spaceship Nadesico and have recently collected some unknown samples from Mars. You are to report to Captain Yurika about your findings and use the questions to guide what will become your report. Using the information provided below, please correctly determine what type of organism is found in the sample in the questions. Sample 1 - This first sample originated from Martian soil. You can culture the cells on plates (petri dishes) with media that contains sugar, yeast extract and some nitrogen base (LB media commonly used in the lab). When you observe the cells with a light microscope, they appear to be approximately 1m in length. The cells appear to have a cell wall and a single flagellum at one end of the cells. When observed in water, these cells are able to move with the flagellum. To examine the subcellular structure, you fixed some of the cells and used the DNA stain DAPI to view the cells under your fluorescence microscope. If the DAPI stain is positive and fluoresces it will allow you to study the structure of the DNA. The DAPI stain reveals a small amount of DNA in the cytoplasm; it is circular in shape. You were in luck, some of the cells were fixed during the process of cell division, yet there was no mitotic spindle present. Questions about sample 1: 1.) What type of metabolism is present in sample 1? Describe the observation that allowed you to conclude this. 2pts [Your answer here.] 2.) Is this microorganism a eukaryote or a prokaryote? Describe the observations that allowed you to conclude this. 2pts [Your answer here.] 3.) What are the two types of fluorescence microscopy that could be used to visualize the DAPI stain? 2pts [Your answer here.] 4.) Which one has greater resolution of fluorescence images and what illumination (excitation source) results in this increased clarity of an image? 4pts [Your answer here.] Sample 2 - The second sample was collected from Martian water. You are able to culture the cells in water under a light source under normal atmospheric conditions with both carbon dioxide and oxygen present. The cells appear to be green in color and when the cells are exposed to light, they produce bubbles of pure oxygen. When you observe the cells under a light microscope you observe that the green color is a result of organelles that are green in color and about 10m in length; these structures appear to have their own double membrane. When you fixed the cells and stained with DAPI for DNA, you were able to observe condensed DNA inside of a membrane structure. Some of the cells were fixed during cell division and you saw strands of DNA lined up along the center of the cell attached to what looked like a mitotic spindle. Questions about sample 2: 5.) What type of metabolism is present in sample 2? Describe the observations that allowed you to conclude this. 2pts [Your answer here.] 6.) Is this microorganism a eukaryote or a prokaryote? Describe the observations that allowed you to conclude this. 2pts [Your answer here.] These cells have special green organelles that contain a double membrane and have a small circular genome. 7.) Where did these organelles come from and what is the name of the theory that gave rise to these organelles? 3pts [Your answer here.] 8.) What metabolic process is happening in the green organelles? 2pts [Your answer here.] 9.) Describe the differences between photosystem II and photosystem I? 4pts [Your answer here.] Sample 3 - The third sample came from water from Mars. You are able to culture the cells in water with the light source, but only if the cells from sample 2 are in the water. If the cells from sample 2 are not present, the cells in sample 3 will die. These cells are approximately 500m in length and have cilia around the outside of the cellular membrane that allow for the cell to swim. Occasionally, the sample 3 cells engulf the cells in sample 2. When stained with DAPI to detect DNA when viewed with a fluorescence microscope, the DNA is found in a membrane bound structure. You have also observed a mitotic spindle in cells dividing. 10.) What type of metabolism is present in sample 3? Describe the observations that allowed you to conclude this. 2pts [Your answer here.] 11.) Is this microorganism a eukaryote or a prokaryote? Describe the observations that allowed you to conclude this. 2pts [Your answer here.] Excellent job with your observations! These will allow for you to write a report for your friendly purple-haired superior officer. PART 2 – 23 points Answer the following questions with complete sentences over material covered in cell biology to this point in time. 12.) What does SDS-PAGE separate? 2pts [Your answer here.] 13.) How do you interpret an SDS-PAGE gel? 2pts [Your answer here.] 14.) Why do you include a ladder on an SDS-PAGE gel? 2pts [Your answer here.] 15.) What is Western blotting used to detect? 3pts [Your answer here.] 16.) How does Western blotting work? 3pts [Your answer here.] 17.) Is Western blotting a direct or indirect measurement of protein presence or absence? 2pts [Your answer here.] 18.) Compare the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. What type of energy is required for both processes? 3pts [Your answer here.] 19.) Compare the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Where is a proton gradient formed? 3pts [Your answer here.] 20.) Compare the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. What is made from the carbon e.g. sugar or carbon dioxide? 3pts [Your answer here.]