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Reading Head- Acute inflammatory response, immunisation and infection control
Case Study: Acute inflammatory response, immunisation and infection
control
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Acute inflammatory response, immunisation and infection control
• Rationale for giving Mary a tetanus booster (Total: 5 marks)
• What is the organism that causes tetanus and why is it of concern in this
situation?
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani a gram- positive rod shaped bacteria. This bacteria is
found in soil, human feces, manure etc, which produces spores that enter through deep cuts
and wounds and grow anaerobically once inside the body. These spores release
tetanospasmnin, a neurotoxin that affects motor neurons in CNS (central nervous system). In
this situation, deep cut would result in fatal tetanus infection in the form of muscle stiffness.
So, early treatment was given to prevent it from spreading. The wound was cleaned and
sutured and a tetanus booster was given for early effective treatment (Hassel, 2013).
• According to the guidelines in the “The Australian Immunisation Handbook”
(Dept. of health, 2017) on administering a tetanus booster, discuss the
rationale for giving Mary the tetanus booster
Tetanus booster or Tetanus toxoid- DTPa was given to her. DTPa vaccine consists of
combined formulations of diphtheria, pertussis, influenza, hepatitis etc,. The vaccine provides
protection against protein neurotoxin produced by bacteria through antitoxin production while
it's unable to stop the growth of C. tetani. The wound is cleaned and nurtured still it's exposed
to air filled with microorganisms which in result causes fatal infection. The immunogenicity of
tetanus booster is increased using an adjuvant ( AlPO4 or Al(OH)3) absorbance. Non-harmful
tetanus booster is an immunogen treated with cell free toxin with a particular amount of
formaldehyde. Tetanus booster was given after the wound have been cleaned and sterilized
using disinfectants (Lakshmi, Bhaskaran & Saroja, 2011).
• Physiological basis of the three wound observations (Total: 10 marks)
Acute inflammatory response, immunisation and infection control
• For each of the three wound observations indicate, and provide a rationale, as
to whether it is a sign or a symptom.
In the case study, it is inspected that she had a temperature of 38.2˚C, blood pressure 120/80
mmHg and her wound shows sign of red and hot wound edges with purulent and odorous
discharge from nearby swollen tissue.
Wound red edges sign is due to infection. The red color shows that infection is spread resulting
in pain. The hot to touch feeling is related to wound infection. Nearby tissue is swelled due to
tissue deprived of vascular supply causing swelling and change in color. It is checked by
applying pressure on the nearby tissues and instantly releasing it. The blood vessels are not
visible at this site due to presence of air (Hirohata et al., 2011). The fever is a sign of wound
infection which results in high body temperature i.e., 38.2 degrees centigrade.
• Discuss the physiological basis of the first observation.
Wound edges red and hot to touch-
During infection or injury, inflammation is the first mode of action of body. Vascular and
cellular responses are generated as a result. Blood supply increases in the damaged area which
carries more oxygen and nutrients to the nearby tissues. It also helps to remove dead cells,
microorganisms and other cell debris from the infected area through blood vessels which in
result makes the area red and hot to touch.
• Discuss the physiological basis of the second observation.
Blood vessels also causes transport of leukocytes to the infected area.These leukocytes are the
first cell to reach the infected area which causes phagocytosis. They also help in removal...