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7 FRAN�OIS-RENE DE CHATEAUBRIAND The Genius of Christianity 1802 Born into an old aristocratic family in Bretagne, Fran9ois-Rene de Chateaubriand (1768-1848) sought an antidote to his morose childhood by journeying to America (1791-1792). He returned to Europe to fight on the side of the counterrevolution and, after being wounded, went into exile in England. He briefly served in the diplomatic corps under Na poleon but quickly grew disillusioned and left France again. The restora tion of the Bourbon monarchy brought Chateaubriand back to France, where he held various diplomatic posts, including that of foreign min ister. A skeptical rationalist in his youth, Chateaubriand had an emotional crisis during his English exile that led him back to the Catholic faith. The Genius of Christianity, a product of this personal crisis, appeared fortuitously only days after the concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. Just as that agreement put an end to the anticlerical cam paigns of the French Revolution, Chateaubriand's book tries to counter a century of rationalist critique of religion. Significantly, he does not attempt to defend the doctrinal "truth" of Christianity but shifts the argu ment to sumptuous descriptions of natural sublimity, the power and Frarn;ois-Rene de Chateaubriand, The Genius of Christianity, trans. Charles I. White (Baltimore: John Murphy & Co., 1856), 171-73, 296-98, 384-86. FRAN<;:ois-renit de="" chateaubriand="" 85="" beauty="" of="" ritual,="" and="" the="" emotional="" satisfactions="" of="" faith.="" madame="" for="" tunee="" hamelin="" expressed="" a="" common="" response="" to="" chateaubriand's="" boo!?="" when="" she="" exclaimed,="" ''what,="" this="" is="" christianity?="" but="" it="" is="" delicious!"="" chateaubriand's="" boo!?="" played="" a="" significant="" role="" in="" the="" revival="" of="" catholi="" cism="" in="" nineteenth-century="" france,="" although,="" lihe="" many="" other="" worhs="" of="" early="" romanticism,="" chateaubriand's="" intensely="" aesthetic="" view="" of="" religion="" sits="" uneasily="" with="" rigorous="" church="" doctrine.="" chateaubriand="" also="" con="" tributed="" to="" the="" rise="" of="" medievalism="" in="" french="" culture.="" indeed,="" the="" genius="" of="" christianity,="" along="" with="" victor="" hugo's="" novel="" the="" hunchback="" of="" notre-dame="" (1831),="" even="" helped="" spur="" the="" creation="" of="" a="" preservation="" ist="" movement="" in="" the="" 1830s="" that="" began="" to="" salvage="" the="" monuments="" of="" france's="" gothic="" period.="" two="" views="" of="" nature="" the="" vessel="" in="" which="" we="" embarked="" for="" america="" having="" passed="" the="" bearing="" of="" any="" land,="" space="" was="" soon="" enclosed="" only="" by="" the="" twofold="" azure="" of="" the="" sea="" and="" of="" the="" sky.="" the="" color="" of="" the="" waters="" resembled="" that="" of="" liquid="" glass.="" a="" great="" swell="" was="" visible="" from="" the="" west,="" though="" the="" wind="" blew="" from="" the="" east,="" while="" immense="" undulations="" extended="" from="" the="" north="" to="" the="" south,="" opening="" in="" their="" valleys="" long="" vistas="" through="" the="" deserts="" of="" the="" deep.="" the="" fleeting="" scenes="" changed="" with="" every="" minute.="" sometimes="" a="" multitude="" of="" verdant="" hillocks="" appeared="" to="" us="" like="" a="" series="" of="" graves="" in="" some="" vast="" cemetery.="" sometimes="" the="" curling="" summits="" of="" the="" waves="" resembled="" white="" flocks="" scattered="" over="" a="" heath.="" now="" space="" seemed="" circumscribed="" for="" want="" of="" an="" object="" of="" comparison;="" but="" if="" a="" bil="" low="" reared="" its="" mountain="" crest,="" if="" a="" wave="" curved="" like="" a="" distant="" shore,="" or="" a="" squadron="" of="" sea-dogs="" moved="" along="" the="" horizon,="" the="" vastness="" of="" space="" again="" suddenly="" opened="" before="" us.="" we="" were="" most="" powerfully="" impressed="" with="" an="" idea="" of="" magnitude,="" when="" a="" light="" fog,="" creeping="" along="" the="" sur="" face="" of="" the="" deep,="" [seemed]="" to="" increase="" immensity="" itself.="" oh!="" how="" sub="" lime,="" how="" awful,="" at="" such="" times,="" is="" the="" aspect="" of="" the="" ocean!="" into="" what="" reveries="" does="" it="" plunge="" you,="" whether="" imagination="" transports="" you="" to="" the="" seas="" of="" the="" north,="" into="" the="" midst="" of="" frosts="" and="" tempests,="" or="" wafts="" you="" to="" southern="" islands,="" blessed="" with="" happiness="" and="" peace!="" we="" often="" rose="" at="" midnight="" and="" sat="" down="" upon="" the="" deck,="" where="" we="" found="" only="" the="" officer="" of="" the="" watch="" and="" a="" few="" sailors="" silently="" smoking="" their="" pipes.="" no="" noise="" was="" heard,="" save="" the="" dashing="" of="" the="" prow="" through="" the="" billows,="" while="" sparks="" of="" fire="" ran="" with="" a="" white="" foam="" along="" the="" sides="" of="" the="" vessel.="" god="" of="" christians!="" it="" is="" on="" the="" waters="" of="" the="" abyss="" and="" on="" the="" vast="" expanse="" of="" the="" heavens="" that="" thou="" hast="" particularly="" engraven="" 94="" the="" documents="" keep="" the="" multitude="" in="" the="" paths="" of="" virtue.="" what="" sensible="" man="" has="" any="" doubt="" of="" this?="" by="" your="" incessant="" declamations="" against="" superstition,="" you="" will="" at="" length="" open="" a="" door="" for="" every="" species="" of="" crime.="" a="" circum="" stance="" that="" cannot="" fail="" to="" surprise="" the="" sophists="" is,="" that,="" amid="" all="" the="" evils="" which="" they="" will="" have="" occasioned,="" they="" will="" not="" even="" enjoy="" the="" sat="" isfaction="" of="" seeing="" the="" common="" man="" more="" incredulous.="" if="" he="" shakes="" off="" the="" influence="" of="" religion,="" he="" will="" supply="" its="" place="" vvith="" monstrous="" opinions.="" he="" will="" be="" seized="" with="" a="" terror="" the="" more="" strange="" as="" he="" will="" be="" ignorant="" of="" its="" object:="" he="" will="" shudder="" in="" a="" churchyard,="" where="" he="" has="" set="" up="" the="" inscription,="" death="" is="" an="" eternal="" sleep;="" and,="" while="" affect="" ing="" to="" despise="" the="" divine="" power,="" he="" will="" go="" to="" consult="" the="" gypsy,="" and,="" trembling,="" seek="" his="" destinies="" in="" the="" motley="" figures="" of="" a="" card.="" the="" marvellous,="" a="" future="" state,="" and="" hope,="" are="" required="" by="" man,="" because="" feels="" himself="" formed="" to="" survive="" this="" terrestrial="" existence.="" conjuration,="" sorcery,="" are="" with="" the="" vulgar="" but="" the="" instinct="" of="" religion,="" and="" one="" of="" the="" most="" striking="" proofs="" of="" the="" necessity="" of="" a="" public="" wor="" ship.="" he="" who="" believes="" nothing="" is="" not="" far="" from="" believing="" every="" thing;="" you="" have="" conjurors="" when="" you="" cease="" to="" have="" prophets,="" enchantments="" when="" you="" renounce="" religious="" ceremonies,="" and="" you="" open="" the="" dens="" of="" sorcerers="" when="" you="" shut="" up="" the="" temples="" of="" the="" lord.="" l="" 12="" never="" here="" attain;="" that="" no="" .="" which="" we="" strive="" we="" can="" ..="" d="" that="" every="" mortal="" happiness="" afle1="" er="" entirely="" fill="" our="" souls.="" an.="" when="" the="" soul,="" i="" hi="" lloutme1'="" i's="" i="" bjccl="" can="" cv="" t="" y="" deception.="" .="" cxtcrna="" o="" .="" fleeting="" and="" momen="" ar.="" hes="" out="" its="" longing="" enjoyment="" _,s="" but="" .a="" oder="" the="" \,illows="" of="" ex.tic,="" bre~\s="" songs="" must="" be="" resting="" as="" ,t="" were="" u="" ,="" the="" )rcvailing="" character="" o="" etry="" of="" enjoy-="" for="" its="" distant="" home,="" i="" f="" the="" ancients="" was="" the="" po="" .="" .="" the="" •="" i="" 11="" •nee="" the="" poetry="" o="" h="" s="" its="" foundalton="" in="" mclancho="" y.="" ~="" .="" ,="" that="" of="" desire:="" the="" former="" a,_="" etwixt="" recollection="" mcnt="" and="" ours="" ts="" h'le="" the="" latter="" hovers="" b="" h'="" flows="" in="" '="" •="" i="" ·,="" )resent="" w="" 1="" 0="" th'="" t="" cvcryt="" mg="" scene="" wh1c="" 1="" ts="" i="" l=""><: understood="" lo="" af="" ,rm="" a="" .="" ·e="" of="" melancholy="" d="" i="" je="" let=""><· no="" .="" cl="" that="" the="" vo1c="" t="" an="" 101="" .="" .="" t="" g="" and="" complaml.="" an="" .·="" f="" tragedy="" was="" no="" one="" slt="" am="" o~="" w~t="" ;:~uclly="" heard.="" as="" the="" au~te~="" ,t:="" is="" so="" l="" he="" romantic="" must="" alw_a~~="" b\h="" the="" joyous="" views="" of="" the="" f="" (~~emdst="" lively="" gladness;="" incompahb="" e="" wt="" every="" tone,="" even="" that="" o="" l="" e="" bear="" traces="" of="" the="" poetry="" can=""><· ,="" in="" some="" shape="" or="" other,="" derns="" is,="" upon="" but="" still="" it="" will="" alw~ys="" ...="" atcd="" the="" feeling="" of="" the="" mo="" i="" and="" their="" fr="" n="" which="" il="" ongm="" .="" ore="" incorporea="" '="" f="" source="" o1="" .="" ·ntense,="" their="" fancy="" ~="" .="" '="" the="" boundaries="" o="" the="" whole.="" mot="" c="" ,="" )lative="" in="" nature,="" ,t="" ,s="" true,="" t="" so="" distinctly="" thoughts="" more="" ~01~t\1~1one="" ~other.="" and="" things="" re="" ~~cing="" a="" distinct="" objects="" run="" 11101="" e="" m="" h'b't="" them="" for="" the="" sake="" o="" pro="" cl="" ••="" we="" must="" ex="" ,="" t="" scparat~="" as="" .="" .="" rfect="" concord="" and="" impression.="" .="" .="" ,="" f="" humanity="" consisted="" m="" a="" pe="" the="" moderns="" '="" l'h="" ('recmn="" idea="" o="" atural="" harmony.="" .="" i="" c="" .="" '="" :="" all="" the="" powers,="" -a="" n="" .="" nal="" discord="" wh1c="" 1="" proportion="" bet~:~~;="" at="" the="" consciousness="" of="" the="" \~:="" r="" endeavor="" of="" their="" again="" have="" an,="" .="" .="" ossible·="" and="" hence="" .="" find="" our="" renders_="" such_="" ~n="" ~ii~;'="" t\:~e-="" two="" ~orl~s="" betwe~'\;~~:="" .::ther.=""><· poetry="" ':="" ~o="" ,="" cco="" i="" to="" melt="" them="" ind1ssolubly_="" 111="" ,="" from="" their="" my~="" selves="" d1v1ded,="" anc="" •="" arc="" consecrated,="" as="" ,t="" were.="" i="" n="" the="" oth('i="" ·="" •="" of="" the="" sense~="" .="" cl="" the="" sou="" ,="" 0="" impressmns="" .="" 'th="" higher="" feelings;="" an="" .="" .="" f="" infinity,="" in="" tlw="" terious="" connecth~n="" wt="" b="" t·n,,.="" or="" nameless="" v1s1ons="" o="" b="" c1·="" •s="" ,ts="" fore="" ol,="" ,.,~.="" hand.="" t•m="" o="">< .="" ·enses.="" .="" .="" al="" and="" unconsciou"="" phenomena="" of="" __="" the="" -~t="" and="" poetry="" we="" find="" an="" ong111="" it="" has="" remaim·cl="" in="" the="" greuan="" a="" b'="" t·="" in="" the="" modern,="" so="" far="" as="" 't="" the="" two="" ii="" f="" f="" rm="" and="" su="" jcc="" ,="" k="" truggle="" to="" um="" e="" '="" i="" unity="" o="" .="" o="" ,="" iril="" we="" observe="" a="" een="" s="" th="" •="" grecian="" execulr•="" true="" to="" its="" own="" sp="" .="" 'lion="" lo="" each="" other.=""><: d="" can="" only="" clu="" t="" rally="" in="" oppos1="" .="" but="" the="" mo="" crn="">< bl'ing_="" na="" u="" ed="" in="" the="" utmost="" pcrfc_cll?'ri="" ·t="" •="" by="" approximation;="" anil="" :~:;~:~=""><:oii::ndeavors after="" _wh:~::c~o:\:="" in="" greater="" danger="" of="" 11111="" }rom="" a="" certain=""><' of="" ,mp="" being="" duly="" apprec,atc'd.="" ii="" johann="" goitlieb="" fichte="" what="" is="" a="" people="" in="" the="" higher="" meaning="" of="" the="" word,="" and="" what="" is="" love="" of="" fatherland?="" 1808="" -------="" as="" a="" philosophy="" professor="" at="" the="" university="" of="" jena="" o="" 793-1799),="" johann="" gottlieb="" fichte's="" 0762-1814)="" radicalized="" ka11tian="" philosophy="" and="" his="" support="" of="" jacobinism="" hravily="" influe11ced="" the="" first="" german="" romantics.="" charges="" of="" atluism="" forced="" him="" to="" leave="" jena="" for="" berlin,="" where="" he="" eventu-="" ally="" srrred="" as="" rrctor="" of="" tlze="" n,,w="" u11iversity="" of="" berlin="" 0810-1812).="" fichte="" ![al'e="" lertures="" 011="" german="" 11atio11alism="" in="" berlin="" in="" 1/ze="" winter="" of="" 1807="" affa="" franre'.s="" defeat="" of="" prussia;="" he="" published="" those="" lrclures="" in="" 1808="" as="" \ddres:,,es="" to="" the="" german="" nation.="" the="" addresses="" played="" a="" vital="" role="" in="" stimulating="" nationalist="" se11timl'11t="" and="" rallying="" rrsistancr="" to="" the="" french.="" jjzis="" excrrpt="" from="" llzr="" "eighth="" address''="" links="" the="" pivotal="" notion="" of="" the="" jl(•op!e="" to="" t/ze="" "transce11dl'11ce"="" and="" "immortality~="" of="" the="" nation,="" and="" from="" !ital="" idf'a="" of="" worldly="" immortality,="" fichte="" calls="" for="" personal="" sacrifice="" to="" the="" ~l'(at="" national="" rause.="" 17zis="" former="" champion="" of="" jacobinism="" no="" longer="" ,hrnms="" of="" creating="" a="" republic="" but="" s11mmo11s="" the="" fatherland="" to="" awaken.="" 1711="" po!itiral="" problem="" of="" formi11g="" a="" dn11ocratic="" ''general="" wi/r="" fades="" l="" 1="" 1="" (on="" the="" vision="" of="" a="" primordial="" bond="" betwer11="" the="" people="" a11d="" the="" nation.="" lll!ill'="" the="" acldresscs="" may="" br="" rrad="" as="" a="" rt'treat="" from="" the="" french="" rpvolu-="" 111111="" '.s="" idnlls.="" do="" rr1•0/utio11ary="" commitments="" linger="" in="" fichte's="" emphasis="" 011="" jiwdom="" and="" tlzr="" purs11it="" of="" rultural="" expressio11="" and="" creativity="" as="" the="" 111,:ju,st="" goals="" of="" national="" life?="" ,ike="" nova/is's="" uchristianity="" or="" europe,"="" f.'tr="" 1/f="" 's=""><·s powcrf11/ly="" illustrate="" the="" ambiguities="" of="" romantic="" pol-="" 1111="" s="" a11d="" the="" nationalist="" projert.="" ------="" -="" -="" -="" -----------------="" \\="" ital="" is="" a="">< oplt?="" this="" qm•stion="" is="" similar="" to="" another,="" and="" when="" it="" is="" 111="" 1•="" t="" ·r('d="" t11e="" other="" is=""><•n•d too.="" fhe="" other="" question,="" which="" is="" 1,11,="" 11=""><"d and="" the="" answers="" to="" which="" are="" very="" different,="" is="" tllis:="" what="" i="" ii="" 11111="">< ,ot1lid)="" fil'hlt="" "eil!hlh="" addn·,,:="" \\11a1="" b="" a="" l'rnplt•="" in="" the="" highl="" r="" j\.fcaning="" of="" i="" \\="" ,.,tf,="" ,mcl="" \\="" hat="" is="" 1.ov('="" of="" falht'rlancl?"="" addris.srs="" to="" 111,="" c,="" rnuw="" nutifl11,="" trans.="" it="" e="" 11="" 111="">< ,.="" ii.="" rurnl="">ull (l..aSalk·. Ill.: Opl'll Court Publi,hing Comp:111y, 1922), 130-50. 113 BALLGAME Cross-Out BALLGAME Cross-Out BALLGAME Cross-Out Chateaubriand's Ruins: Loss and Memory after the French Revolution Chateaubriand's Ruins Loss and Memory after the French Revolution Peter Fritzsche On 17 May, "in the year of grace 1793," the acclaimed memoirist Chateaubriand arrived at Southhampton from Jersey. The next day British authorities handed him a "way-bill," a legal document drawn up under the Alien Bill, which permitted the refugee of the French Revolution to go to London. It described the man as follows: "Francois de Chateaubriand, French officer in the emigrant army, five feet four inches high, thin shape, brown hair and whiskers."1 This is one of the few portraits Chateaubriand leaves of himself. Five feet four inches, thin, whiskers?we see him, perhaps a bit short but nevertheless fixed in the mind's eye. Yet this summation, which Chateaubriand laconically adds "ran in English," is scarcely recognizable. From Southhampton, he remembered traveling in virtual obscurity, in the company of errant sailors; in London, he took a garret room "at the end of a little street off the Tottenham Court Road." "Poor, sick and unknown," Chateaubriand was undistinguished as he entered that "wealthy