I need 4 references ( mainly use the textbook for the assignment and reference I have already attached it)
Assessment item 1 Length: 500 words (excluding questions and references) APA reference style I need 4 references ( mainly use text book for the assignment and reference) Task 1. What are professional ethics? 2. How are professional ethics regulated? 3. What is the definition of ethics and what is its purpose? 4. What is an ethical dilemma and how might Utilitarianism assist in addressing an ethical dilemma? 5. Give an example of ‘the golden rule’ in a business context. 6. What is a consequential ethical theory? 7. What is a non-consequential ethical theory? 8. What are three principles of Immanuelle Kant’s ethical theories? 9. What is Virtue Ethics and is it a consequential or non-consequential theory? 10. What is meant by informed consent? Give an example . Marking criteria Assessment Item 1 - Marking Criteria Criterion High Distinction (HD) Distinction (DI) Credit (CR) Pass (PS) Fail (FL) 8.5-10 7.5-8 6.5-7 5-6<5 academic skills (10) eloquent writing. all sources acknowledged. referencing that fully complies with the csu guide to referencing: apa style. the student clearly and comprehensively addresses the task clear and succinct writing. all sources acknowledged. referencing that mostly complies with the csu guide to referencing: apa style. the student addresses the task well. good writing, with fewer than six errors (grammar, punctuation, spelling) all sources acknowledged. referencing that mostly complies with the csu guide to referencing: apa style. the student addresses the task writing has errors but the work is easy to understand. referencing that fully complies with the csu guide to referencing: apa style. the student addresses the task but responses are basic. the student has not addressed the task adequately. all criteria for a passing mark have not been met. responses (20 marks) the student clearly demonstrates an excellent understanding of the concepts raised in the questions. comprehensive definitions have been given, along with deep and thoughtful reflections to demonstrate understanding. mgt211 resources have been used effectively. the student demonstrates a solid understanding of the concepts raised in the questions. clear definitions have been given, along with thoughtful reflections to demonstrate understanding. mgt211 resources have been used effectively. the student demonstrates a good understanding of the concepts raised in the questions. definitions have been given, along with reflections to demonstrate understanding. mgt211 resources have been used effectively. the student demonstrates a basic understanding of the concepts raised in the questions. definitions have been given, but these rely too much on quotes and show little evidence of deep understanding. the student has made an attempted to reflect, but the reflections are rather superficial. mgt211 resources have been used effectively. some flaws in logic may be evident. the student has not addressed the task adequately. presentation please adhere to the following guidelines: 1. use a standard 12pt font such as times new roman, calibri or arial sometitle part 1 seeing the moral dimension in business ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- chapter 1 seeing the moral dimension of business ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- chapter 2 normative theories of ethics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2william, s., vincent, b., theodora, i., shaw, w. h., & muntean, d. (2016). moral issues in business. retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com created from csuau on 2018-03-15 19:03:49. c op yr ig ht © 2 01 6. c en ga ge a us tr al ia . a ll rig ht s re se rv ed . the nature of morality the nature of morality and ethics self • values • conscience • self-interest organisation • organisational norms (formal and informal) • rules, policies and procedures • professional codes theories based on character (virtue theory) aristotle's virtues moral agents develop virtues and live a life of excellence moral agents care for those with whom they are inter-related ethics of care egoism achieving the best long-term outcome for the moral agent achieving the best overall good for the greatest number of stakeholders utilitarianism theories based on duty (deontology) theories based on consequences (teleology) prioritising conflicting interests by appealing to hierarchy of principles universal law, acting with good will, and treating others as an end in themselves kant ross community • religion • law • etiquette making ethical decisions 3william, s., vincent, b., theodora, i., shaw, w. h., & muntean, d. (2016). moral issues in business. retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com created from csuau on 2018-03-15 19:03:49. c op yr ig ht © 2 01 6. c en ga ge a us tr al ia . a ll rig ht s re se rv ed . chapter 1 seeing the moral dimension of business learning objectives after studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 define and understand ethics, including business and organisational ethics 2 understand the nature of morality 3 define and understand ethical relativism 4 understand the role of moral principles and individual responsibility in morality and ethics 5 understand the elements that are essential for moral reasoning and ethical decision making. sometimes the rich and mighty fall. take kenneth lay, for example. convicted by a us jury in 2006 of conspiracy and multiple counts of fraud, he had been chairman and ceo of enron until the company took a nosedive and crashed. founded in the 1980s, enron became a dominant player in the field of energy trading, growing rapidly to become america’s seventh-biggest company. wall street loves growth, and enron was its darling, admired as dynamic, innovative and, of course, profitable. enron stock exploded in value, increasing in 1998 by 40 per cent. the next year it shot up 58 per cent, and the year 4william, s., vincent, b., theodora, i., shaw, w. h., & muntean, d. (2016). moral issues in business. retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com created from csuau on 2018-03-15 19:03:49. c op yr ig ht © 2 01 6. c en ga ge a us tr al ia . a ll rig ht s re se rv ed . after that an unbelievable 89 per cent. the fact that nobody could understand exactly how the company made its money didn’t seem to matter. after fortune magazine voted enron ‘america’s most innovative company’ for six consecutive years, enron proudly took to calling itself not only ‘the world’s leading energy company’ but also ‘the world’s leading company’. but when enron was later forced to declare bankruptcy – at the time the largest in us history – the world learnt that its legendary financial prowess was illusory, and the company’s success was built on hype. the hype continued to the end: kenneth lay was still recommending the company’s stock to its employees at the same time as he and other executives were cashing in their shares and bailing out. enron’s crash cost the retirement accounts of its employees more than a billion dollars as the company’s stock fell to only a few cents a share. outside investors lost even more. the reason enron’s collapse caught investors by surprise – the company’s market value was $28 billion just two months before its bankruptcy – was that enron had always made its financial records and accounts as opaque as possible. it did this by creating a byzantine financial structure of off-balance-sheet special-purpose entities – reportedly as many as 9000 – that were supposed to be separate and independent from the main company. enron’s board of directors condoned these and other dubious accounting practices and voted twice to permit executives to pursue personal interests that ran contrary to those of the company. when enron was obliged to redo its financial statements for one three-year period, its profits dropped $600 million and its debts increased $630 million. enron’s financial auditors should have spotted these and other problems. after all, the shell game enron was playing is an old one, and months before the company ran aground, enron vice president sherron watkins had warned lay that the company could soon ‘implode in a wave of accounting scandals’. yet both arthur andersen, enron’s long-time outside auditing firm, and vinson & elkins, the company’s law firm, had routinely put together and signed off on various dubious financial deals, and in so doing made large profits for themselves. arthur andersen, in particular, was supposed to make sure that the company’s public records reflected financial reality, but andersen was more worried about its auditing and consulting fees than about its fiduciary responsibilities. even worse, when the scandal began to break, a partner at andersen organised the shredding of incriminating enron documents before investigators could lay their hands on them. as a result, the 89-year-old accounting firm was convicted of obstructing justice. the supreme court later overturned that verdict on a technicality, but by then arthur andersen had already been driven out of business. (the year before enron went under, the securities and exchange commission fined andersen $7 million for approving misleading accounts at waste management, and it also had to pay $110 million to settle a lawsuit for auditing work it did for sunbeam before it, too, filed for bankruptcy. and when massive accounting fraud was later uncovered at worldcom it came out that the company’s auditor was – you guessed it – arthur andersen.) enron’s fall also revealed the conflicts of interest that threaten the credibility of wall street’s analysts – analysts who are compensated according to their ability to bring in and 5 chapter 1 seeing the moral dimension of business william, s., vincent, b., theodora, i., shaw, w. h., & muntean, d. (2016). moral issues in business. retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com created from csuau on 2018-03-15 19:03:49. c op yr ig ht © 2 01 6. c en ga ge a us tr al ia . a ll rig ht s re se rv ed . support investment banking deals. enron was known in the industry as the ‘deal machine’ because it generated so much investment banking business – limited partnerships, loans and derivatives. that may explain why, only days before enron filed bankruptcy, just two of the 16 wall street analysts who covered the company recommended that clients sell the stock. the large banks with which enron did business played a role, too, by helping manufacture its fraudulent financial statements. (subsequent lawsuits have forced them to pay compensation. citibank, for example, had to pay enron’s victimised shareholders $2 billion.) but the rot didn’t stop there. enron and andersen enjoyed extensive political connections, which had helped over the years to ensure the passage of a academic="" skills="" (10)="" eloquent="" writing.="" all="" sources="" acknowledged.="" referencing="" that="" fully="" complies="" with="" the="" csu="" guide="" to="" referencing:="" apa="" style.="" the="" student="" clearly="" and="" comprehensively="" addresses="" the="" task="" clear="" and="" succinct="" writing.="" all="" sources="" acknowledged.="" referencing="" that="" mostly="" complies="" with="" the="" csu="" guide="" to="" referencing:="" apa="" style.="" the="" student="" addresses="" the="" task="" well.="" good="" writing,="" with="" fewer="" than="" six="" errors="" (grammar,="" punctuation,="" spelling)="" all="" sources="" acknowledged.="" referencing="" that="" mostly="" complies="" with="" the="" csu="" guide="" to="" referencing:="" apa="" style.="" the="" student="" addresses="" the="" task="" writing="" has="" errors="" but="" the="" work="" is="" easy="" to="" understand.="" referencing="" that="" fully="" complies="" with="" the="" csu="" guide="" to="" referencing:="" apa="" style.="" the="" student="" addresses="" the="" task="" but="" responses="" are="" basic.="" the="" student="" has="" not="" addressed="" the="" task="" adequately.="" all="" criteria="" for="" a="" passing="" mark="" have="" not="" been="" met.="" responses="" (20="" marks)="" the="" student="" clearly="" demonstrates="" an="" excellent="" understanding="" of="" the="" concepts="" raised="" in="" the="" questions.="" comprehensive="" definitions="" have="" been="" given,="" along="" with="" deep="" and="" thoughtful="" reflections="" to="" demonstrate="" understanding.="" mgt211="" resources="" have="" been="" used="" effectively.="" the="" student="" demonstrates="" a="" solid="" understanding="" of="" the="" concepts="" raised="" in="" the="" questions.="" clear="" definitions="" have="" been="" given,="" along="" with="" thoughtful="" reflections="" to="" demonstrate="" understanding.="" mgt211="" resources="" have="" been="" used="" effectively.="" the="" student="" demonstrates="" a="" good="" understanding="" of="" the="" concepts="" raised="" in="" the="" questions.="" definitions="" have="" been="" given,="" along="" with="" reflections="" to="" demonstrate="" understanding.="" mgt211="" resources="" have="" been="" used="" effectively.="" the="" student="" demonstrates="" a="" basic="" understanding="" of="" the="" concepts="" raised="" in="" the="" questions.="" definitions="" have="" been="" given,="" but="" these="" rely="" too="" much="" on="" quotes="" and="" show="" little="" evidence="" of="" deep="" understanding.="" the="" student="" has="" made="" an="" attempted="" to="" reflect,="" but="" the="" reflections="" are="" rather="" superficial.="" mgt211="" resources="" have="" been="" used="" effectively.="" some="" flaws="" in="" logic="" may="" be="" evident.="" the="" student="" has="" not="" addressed="" the="" task="" adequately.="" ="" ="" presentation="" please="" adhere="" to="" the="" following="" guidelines:="" 1.="" use="" a="" standard="" 12pt="" font="" such="" as="" times="" new="" roman,="" calibri="" or="" arial="" sometitle="" part="" 1="" seeing="" the="" moral="" dimension="" in="" business="" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------="" chapter="" 1="" seeing="" the="" moral="" dimension="" of="" business="" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------="" chapter="" 2="" normative="" theories="" of="" ethics="" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------="" 2william,="" s.,="" vincent,="" b.,="" theodora,="" i.,="" shaw,="" w.="" h.,="" &="" muntean,="" d.="" (2016).="" moral="" issues="" in="" business.="" retrieved="" from="" http://ebookcentral.proquest.com="" created="" from="" csuau="" on="" 2018-03-15="" 19:03:49.="" c="" op="" yr="" ig="" ht="" ©="" 2="" 01="" 6.="" c="" en="" ga="" ge="" a="" us="" tr="" al="" ia="" .="" a="" ll="" rig="" ht="" s="" re="" se="" rv="" ed="" .="" the="" nature="" of="" morality="" the="" nature="" of="" morality="" and="" ethics="" self="" •="" values="" •="" conscience="" •="" self-interest="" organisation="" •="" organisational="" norms="" (formal="" and="" informal)="" •="" rules,="" policies="" and="" procedures="" •="" professional="" codes="" theories="" based="" on="" character="" (virtue="" theory)="" aristotle's="" virtues="" moral="" agents="" develop="" virtues="" and="" live="" a="" life="" of="" excellence="" moral="" agents="" care="" for="" those="" with="" whom="" they="" are="" inter-related="" ethics="" of="" care="" egoism="" achieving="" the="" best="" long-term="" outcome="" for="" the="" moral="" agent="" achieving="" the="" best="" overall="" good="" for="" the="" greatest="" number="" of="" stakeholders="" utilitarianism="" theories="" based="" on="" duty="" (deontology)="" theories="" based="" on="" consequences="" (teleology)="" prioritising="" conflicting="" interests="" by="" appealing="" to="" hierarchy="" of="" principles="" universal="" law,="" acting="" with="" good="" will,="" and="" treating="" others="" as="" an="" end="" in="" themselves="" kant="" ross="" community="" •="" religion="" •="" law="" •="" etiquette="" making="" ethical="" decisions="" 3william,="" s.,="" vincent,="" b.,="" theodora,="" i.,="" shaw,="" w.="" h.,="" &="" muntean,="" d.="" (2016).="" moral="" issues="" in="" business.="" retrieved="" from="" http://ebookcentral.proquest.com="" created="" from="" csuau="" on="" 2018-03-15="" 19:03:49.="" c="" op="" yr="" ig="" ht="" ©="" 2="" 01="" 6.="" c="" en="" ga="" ge="" a="" us="" tr="" al="" ia="" .="" a="" ll="" rig="" ht="" s="" re="" se="" rv="" ed="" .="" chapter="" 1="" seeing="" the="" moral="" dimension="" of="" business="" learning="" objectives="" after="" studying="" this="" chapter,="" you="" should="" be="" able="" to:="" 1="" define="" and="" understand="" ethics,="" including="" business="" and="" organisational="" ethics="" 2="" understand="" the="" nature="" of="" morality="" 3="" define="" and="" understand="" ethical="" relativism="" 4="" understand="" the="" role="" of="" moral="" principles="" and="" individual="" responsibility="" in="" morality="" and="" ethics="" 5="" understand="" the="" elements="" that="" are="" essential="" for="" moral="" reasoning="" and="" ethical="" decision="" making.="" sometimes="" the="" rich="" and="" mighty="" fall.="" take="" kenneth="" lay,="" for="" example.="" convicted="" by="" a="" us="" jury="" in="" 2006="" of="" conspiracy="" and="" multiple="" counts="" of="" fraud,="" he="" had="" been="" chairman="" and="" ceo="" of="" enron="" until="" the="" company="" took="" a="" nosedive="" and="" crashed.="" founded="" in="" the="" 1980s,="" enron="" became="" a="" dominant="" player="" in="" the="" field="" of="" energy="" trading,="" growing="" rapidly="" to="" become="" america’s="" seventh-biggest="" company.="" wall="" street="" loves="" growth,="" and="" enron="" was="" its="" darling,="" admired="" as="" dynamic,="" innovative="" and,="" of="" course,="" profitable.="" enron="" stock="" exploded="" in="" value,="" increasing="" in="" 1998="" by="" 40="" per="" cent.="" the="" next="" year="" it="" shot="" up="" 58="" per="" cent,="" and="" the="" year="" 4william,="" s.,="" vincent,="" b.,="" theodora,="" i.,="" shaw,="" w.="" h.,="" &="" muntean,="" d.="" (2016).="" moral="" issues="" in="" business.="" retrieved="" from="" http://ebookcentral.proquest.com="" created="" from="" csuau="" on="" 2018-03-15="" 19:03:49.="" c="" op="" yr="" ig="" ht="" ©="" 2="" 01="" 6.="" c="" en="" ga="" ge="" a="" us="" tr="" al="" ia="" .="" a="" ll="" rig="" ht="" s="" re="" se="" rv="" ed="" .="" after="" that="" an="" unbelievable="" 89="" per="" cent.="" the="" fact="" that="" nobody="" could="" understand="" exactly="" how="" the="" company="" made="" its="" money="" didn’t="" seem="" to="" matter.="" after="" fortune="" magazine="" voted="" enron="" ‘america’s="" most="" innovative="" company’="" for="" six="" consecutive="" years,="" enron="" proudly="" took="" to="" calling="" itself="" not="" only="" ‘the="" world’s="" leading="" energy="" company’="" but="" also="" ‘the="" world’s="" leading="" company’.="" but="" when="" enron="" was="" later="" forced="" to="" declare="" bankruptcy="" –="" at="" the="" time="" the="" largest="" in="" us="" history="" –="" the="" world="" learnt="" that="" its="" legendary="" financial="" prowess="" was="" illusory,="" and="" the="" company’s="" success="" was="" built="" on="" hype.="" the="" hype="" continued="" to="" the="" end:="" kenneth="" lay="" was="" still="" recommending="" the="" company’s="" stock="" to="" its="" employees="" at="" the="" same="" time="" as="" he="" and="" other="" executives="" were="" cashing="" in="" their="" shares="" and="" bailing="" out.="" enron’s="" crash="" cost="" the="" retirement="" accounts="" of="" its="" employees="" more="" than="" a="" billion="" dollars="" as="" the="" company’s="" stock="" fell="" to="" only="" a="" few="" cents="" a="" share.="" outside="" investors="" lost="" even="" more.="" the="" reason="" enron’s="" collapse="" caught="" investors="" by="" surprise="" –="" the="" company’s="" market="" value="" was="" $28="" billion="" just="" two="" months="" before="" its="" bankruptcy="" –="" was="" that="" enron="" had="" always="" made="" its="" financial="" records="" and="" accounts="" as="" opaque="" as="" possible.="" it="" did="" this="" by="" creating="" a="" byzantine="" financial="" structure="" of="" off-balance-sheet="" special-purpose="" entities="" –="" reportedly="" as="" many="" as="" 9000="" –="" that="" were="" supposed="" to="" be="" separate="" and="" independent="" from="" the="" main="" company.="" enron’s="" board="" of="" directors="" condoned="" these="" and="" other="" dubious="" accounting="" practices="" and="" voted="" twice="" to="" permit="" executives="" to="" pursue="" personal="" interests="" that="" ran="" contrary="" to="" those="" of="" the="" company.="" when="" enron="" was="" obliged="" to="" redo="" its="" financial="" statements="" for="" one="" three-year="" period,="" its="" profits="" dropped="" $600="" million="" and="" its="" debts="" increased="" $630="" million.="" enron’s="" financial="" auditors="" should="" have="" spotted="" these="" and="" other="" problems.="" after="" all,="" the="" shell="" game="" enron="" was="" playing="" is="" an="" old="" one,="" and="" months="" before="" the="" company="" ran="" aground,="" enron="" vice="" president="" sherron="" watkins="" had="" warned="" lay="" that="" the="" company="" could="" soon="" ‘implode="" in="" a="" wave="" of="" accounting="" scandals’.="" yet="" both="" arthur="" andersen,="" enron’s="" long-time="" outside="" auditing="" firm,="" and="" vinson="" &="" elkins,="" the="" company’s="" law="" firm,="" had="" routinely="" put="" together="" and="" signed="" off="" on="" various="" dubious="" financial="" deals,="" and="" in="" so="" doing="" made="" large="" profits="" for="" themselves.="" arthur="" andersen,="" in="" particular,="" was="" supposed="" to="" make="" sure="" that="" the="" company’s="" public="" records="" reflected="" financial="" reality,="" but="" andersen="" was="" more="" worried="" about="" its="" auditing="" and="" consulting="" fees="" than="" about="" its="" fiduciary="" responsibilities.="" even="" worse,="" when="" the="" scandal="" began="" to="" break,="" a="" partner="" at="" andersen="" organised="" the="" shredding="" of="" incriminating="" enron="" documents="" before="" investigators="" could="" lay="" their="" hands="" on="" them.="" as="" a="" result,="" the="" 89-year-old="" accounting="" firm="" was="" convicted="" of="" obstructing="" justice.="" the="" supreme="" court="" later="" overturned="" that="" verdict="" on="" a="" technicality,="" but="" by="" then="" arthur="" andersen="" had="" already="" been="" driven="" out="" of="" business.="" (the="" year="" before="" enron="" went="" under,="" the="" securities="" and="" exchange="" commission="" fined="" andersen="" $7="" million="" for="" approving="" misleading="" accounts="" at="" waste="" management,="" and="" it="" also="" had="" to="" pay="" $110="" million="" to="" settle="" a="" lawsuit="" for="" auditing="" work="" it="" did="" for="" sunbeam="" before="" it,="" too,="" filed="" for="" bankruptcy.="" and="" when="" massive="" accounting="" fraud="" was="" later="" uncovered="" at="" worldcom="" it="" came="" out="" that="" the="" company’s="" auditor="" was="" –="" you="" guessed="" it="" –="" arthur="" andersen.)="" enron’s="" fall="" also="" revealed="" the="" conflicts="" of="" interest="" that="" threaten="" the="" credibility="" of="" wall="" street’s="" analysts="" –="" analysts="" who="" are="" compensated="" according="" to="" their="" ability="" to="" bring="" in="" and="" 5="" chapter="" 1="" seeing="" the="" moral="" dimension="" of="" business="" william,="" s.,="" vincent,="" b.,="" theodora,="" i.,="" shaw,="" w.="" h.,="" &="" muntean,="" d.="" (2016).="" moral="" issues="" in="" business.="" retrieved="" from="" http://ebookcentral.proquest.com="" created="" from="" csuau="" on="" 2018-03-15="" 19:03:49.="" c="" op="" yr="" ig="" ht="" ©="" 2="" 01="" 6.="" c="" en="" ga="" ge="" a="" us="" tr="" al="" ia="" .="" a="" ll="" rig="" ht="" s="" re="" se="" rv="" ed="" .="" support="" investment="" banking="" deals.="" enron="" was="" known="" in="" the="" industry="" as="" the="" ‘deal="" machine’="" because="" it="" generated="" so="" much="" investment="" banking="" business="" –="" limited="" partnerships,="" loans="" and="" derivatives.="" that="" may="" explain="" why,="" only="" days="" before="" enron="" filed="" bankruptcy,="" just="" two="" of="" the="" 16="" wall="" street="" analysts="" who="" covered="" the="" company="" recommended="" that="" clients="" sell="" the="" stock.="" the="" large="" banks="" with="" which="" enron="" did="" business="" played="" a="" role,="" too,="" by="" helping="" manufacture="" its="" fraudulent="" financial="" statements.="" (subsequent="" lawsuits="" have="" forced="" them="" to="" pay="" compensation.="" citibank,="" for="" example,="" had="" to="" pay="" enron’s="" victimised="" shareholders="" $2="" billion.)="" but="" the="" rot="" didn’t="" stop="" there.="" enron="" and="" andersen="" enjoyed="" extensive="" political="" connections,="" which="" had="" helped="" over="" the="" years="" to="" ensure="" the="" passage="" of="">