I have attached 4 files.First file shows question and instructions.Second file shows guideliness in form assignment needs to be completed.Third file shows the article that needs to be used for the assignment, I have copy pasted it in work incase you dont have access to the site. Forth file shows the response from another student to complete part 2 and 3 of the assignment.
Dear Students: DB3: COVID & Greener Plastic Bottle is ready for you to post in Discussion Boards. Please finish posting tomorrow. Please find at least two more short articles related to the topic so that you can inform your argument. Remember that the purpose of discussion boards are, other than applying what you are learning to a current real life situation, is for you to practice: 1-Good writing: complete grammatically perfect sentences. 2-Research: Add a citation list using APA format. Draft your postings in Word or similar software and, before you post, make sure that you run grammar and spelling software and that your list of references comply with APA citation guidelines: https://www.wikihow.com/Write-an-APA-Style-References-Page Discussion Boards are 65% of your grade. Use them as an opportunity to hone your professional skills and to secure a good grade. IB-DB3: COVID/Greener Bottle Link: https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-coronavirus-complicated-the-quest-for-a-greener-plastic-bottle-11593005945 Your question: Can the initiative of private companies solve the environmental problem of single-use plastic? If not, what would it take for countries and the world to find a solution? Given the weight given in your grade to discussion boards you must be extra careful with your expression. This is not texting or informal chat. It is like writing a memo at work. Always express yourself in complete sentences. This is an opportunity to hone professional writing (which basically means, very clear) and earn a good grade by practicing it. Write your posting on a Word document before you post, use spelling and grammar software and, if needed, have someone else read to make sure that it makes sense. The dark side of being well informed about something is that we assume that others are at the same level, for which we tend not to be clear enough when we explain. Since we are practicing professional writing, assume that you are talking to someone who knows nothing about what you are talking about. Also remember that the best way to learn something is to teach it or explain it to others. As you know, it is best to produce your postings as soon as possible. Maybe tonight. Make sure that you apply grammar and spelling software before you post, though. If you post at the last minute without reviewing your posting it will show. Each discussion board is 25 points. Postings submitted past Friday will not be graded or included in your grade. You must make a minimum of 3 posts. 1- answer the question with a minimum of 25 words. 2- reply to someone else's post with and insightful question. 3- reply to someone else's post with an insightful comment that demonstrates your understanding of the course concepts. "I agree" is not an insightful comment. 4-Do not cut and paste. See checklist. Your score is also based on the 4 criteria: Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner. Microsoft Word - Checklist.docx Checklist We are using this opportunity for you to practice professional writing. This means producing grammatically correct and complete sentences in a coherent order. The procedure to make sure that you achieve that is simple. Before you post, use spelling and grammar software and (if necessary) ask someone to proofread the posting to make sure that it makes sense. Discussion boards (DB) cannot be made up because they are interactive. You will lose 25 points for each DB that you miss. Don't hurt your grade. Here is the checklist that I will use for feedback. If you see —for example— a C in the comments section of the DB, that means that you did not follow C in the list below. A- The Discussion Boards are for applying what you are learning to analyze a recent situation, not for opinions. Avoid stating: “in my opinion” or “in my view…” Just state facts and, when possible, support them with figures. B- Spelling or grammar mistakes: use spelling and grammar software before you post. C- Avoid expressions like “a lot” or “huge.” Use figures instead. D- Sources: 1-Paraphrase or quote. Credit your sources using the APA style: https://www.wikihow.com/Write-an-APA-Style-References-Page 2-Do not cut and paste from readings. That is plagiarism, which is illegal. 3-List at least three references, including the assigned article. 4- Indicate the source at the end of the sentence where you apply it like this: (McLain, 2020) 5-Enter the title References before your list at the end of your main posting. E- Use the same font and size in all postings lest your work looks choppy. F- Don’t state that you agree or disagree with a student unless you add a sentence explaining why. How Coronavirus Complicated the Quest for a Greener Plastic Bottle The pandemic disrupted recycling and hit oil prices, challenging efforts to use more recycled plastic in drinks bottles Plastic PremiumRising demand and lower oil prices have made recycled plastic increasingly moreexpensive than new material.Cost of recycled PET* versus new plasticSource: Wood Mackenzie*The type of plastic typically used to make drinks bottles .timesEuropeU.S.Feb. 2018'19'200.00.51.01.52.0 By Saabira Chaudhuri Updated June 24, 2020 12:03 pm ET · SAVE · PRINT · TEXT The quest to make greener plastic bottles—the core of beverage giants’ sustainability efforts—has become harder and more expensive in the pandemic. Nestlé SA, NSRGY -0.91% Danone SA, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo Inc. PEP -0.89% all set ambitious targets for using more recycled plastic in their water, soda and juice bottles in a bid to allay consumers’ and lawmakers’ worries about the environmental impacts of single-use plastic. Several of those target dates came and went unmet this spring as the new coronavirus led to the suspension of some recycling programs, reducing the supplies of used PET, the plastic drinks bottles are made from. And slumping oil prices have made new plastic far cheaper than recycled, meaning that the cost of making a bottle with recycled plastic is significantly higher than making one from new plastic. Coca-Cola missed a self-imposed May deadline to use 50% recycled plastic in all its drinks bottles in the U.K., while Danone failed to hit an April target for its Volvic bottles sold in Germany to be made entirely from recycled plastic. Danone also missed similar targets in the U.K. and France. Both companies blamed Covid-19 for the delays, and said they hope to meet the goals later this year. The pandemic is exacerbating what was already a tricky problem for drinks companies: getting enough clean, food-grade used plastic to make new bottles. Despite being easily recyclable, less than a third of PET bottles sold are collected for recycling in the U.S. and just 4% are used to make new drinks bottles, according to the Container Recycling Institute, a nonprofit. More than 100 municipalities in the U.S. halted curbside recycling programs as the pandemic struck, while nine out of 10 states with deposit programs—where shoppers get cash back for returning containers—have suspended requirements for retailers to participate. “Our analysis is that the industry will fall far short of collecting enough bottles to meet their requirement,” said Michael Bermish, a senior consultant at chemicals and energy consulting firm Wood Mackenzie. “There is a huge gap.” Coca-Cola Chief Executive James Quincey said in April the squeeze on recycled plastic would be temporary. “Maybe we’ll have to make adjustments to the process, but it will resume,” he said. A prototype of a water bottle made out of recycled plastic at the Nestlé Institute of Packaging Sciences in Lausanne, Switzerland. PHOTO: DENIS BALIBOUSE/REUTERS Danone, Coca-Cola and others were already racing to meet their global goals for using greener plastic. Danone has pledged to make 25% of all its plastic packaging from recycled plastic by 2025, up from 6.4% in 2018, while Coca-Cola plans to achieve 50% recycled content in its bottles and cans by 2030, up from about 10% today. Such efforts have been set back by a year at least, according to Scott Mouw, senior director of strategy and research for the Recycling Partnership, a nonprofit. He says some legislation aimed at spurring recycling has been delayed and expects pressure on U.S. municipal budgets to hit existing programs. A Washington state bill mandating drinks containers use at least 10% recycled content by 2022—a move widely expected to spur investment in recycling—was vetoed by Gov. Jay Inslee in April due to budget constraints caused by the pandemic. A container-deposit program in Scotland has been delayed by over a year. Companies have failed to hit sustainability targets before, but executives say this time there is more at stake. The efforts, announced with much fanfare, are being tracked by independent organizations. European Union rules call for countries to achieve a 90% collection rate for plastic bottles by 2029 and use 25% recycled plastic in bottles by 2025, and there could be consequences for not doing so. Companies are also trying to stave off bottled-water bans by highlighting their recycled-plastic efforts. “People don’t want to be seen with a plastic bottle anymore, and recycled plastic is a much more acceptable—in terms of social norms—solution,” Danone CEO Emmanuel Faber told investors earlier this year. Drinks companies have explored alternatives. Efforts with plant-based plastics have largely stalled, while chemical recycling technologies, which promise to turn even dirty and colored plastic into clear, food-grade material, remain expensive and niche. For now, collecting, washing and melting old bottles to make new ones is the best way to produce more sustainable bottles, executives say. The costs of making those bottles have been rising for some time, and the current oil-price slump has made new, or virgin, plastic cheaper, increasing the price gap. In Europe, recycled plastic cost 95% more than new plastic in May, up from 35% a year earlier, according to data from Wood Mackenize. In the U.S., the premium has risen to 22% from 7%. The Consumer Brands Association, a U.S. trade group whose members include Pepsi and Coca-Cola, is recommending policy makers levy a fee on virgin plastic to finance recycling programs and make recycled material more cost effective. It says U.S. supplies of recycled plastic meet only 6% of current demand. Drinks companies have so far shown willingness to pay higher prices. Nestlé, the world’s biggest bottled-water maker, in January said it would invest more than 1.5 billion Swiss francs ($1.58 billion) to pay for food-grade recycled plastic over the next five years. Yet smaller beverage companies might not be able to afford to use recycled content in their packaging, waste-reduction advocates say. “For them the question is ‘Do I try to increase recycled content or do I go for virgin which is so incredibly cheap?’,” says Sander Defruyt, who works on plastics issues at the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a nonprofit. Jason Farahnik, director of brand partnerships at