I have a project in "Intro to Statistics" I'm stuck with three parts:1. Introduction.2.Descriptive Results:3.inferential Results:I attached more instructions to my project to this order.I also attached a link to my instructor explaining the process step by step.Also all the files for RStudio attached to this order.Thanks.
Statistics Research: Due 22/1 Instructions: For your project, you will investigate one research question involving two variables. Prior to collecting data, you will submit a research question and a description of your study design. For the research question component, include the following information (use the following underlined headings in your proposal and number your document to match the numbering below): 1. Names: The names of everyone in your group. 2. Research question: Your research question. 3. Observational units: Who/what are you collecting data on? 4. Variables: What two variables are you collecting in order to answer your research question? Define the role (explanatory/response) and type (categorical/quantitative) of each. 5. Importance: What makes your research question interesting or important? Answer: 1. Names… 2. Research question: Does average systolic blood pressure differ between men and women between the ages of 18 and 80 in Vardo city? 3. Observational units: Men and Women in Vardo city between the ages 18 and 80. 4. Variables: Whether or not the subject is male or female, and systolic blood pressure. Define the role: (categorical/explanatory). (quantitative/response). 5. Importance: This research topic is important in studying the effects of stress on men and women and how to treat men and women patients differently by their predisposition to a higher or lower blood pressure. _____________________________________________________________________ Due 29/1 Instructions: Prior to collecting data, you will submit a research question and a description of your study design. For the study design component, include the following information (use the following underlined headings in your proposal and number your document to match the numbering below): 1. Study design: Will the data be collected from an observational study or an experiment? Explain how you know. 2. Potential confounding variables: Identify at least one potential confounding variable and explain how it may be confounding. If you expect no confounding variables, explain why. 3. Population: What is your population of interest? Be specific! “The Island” is not specific enough. 4. Sampling plan: How do you plan to select Islanders for your study to be representative of the population of interest? Be specific! This should read as a set of instructions for how one will select Islanders and collect data. 5. Sample size: What sample size do you intend to have? Note: Each group member must collect data on at least 15 Islanders. 6. Scope of inference: Describe the appropriate scope of inference based on the method of data collection and study design: Can we determine a causal relationship? To what population can we generalize the results? You will draft this Study Design component on the same document as your Research Question component, each section separated using a page break. Download the entire Google Doc as a PDF file and turn the PDF file into the Gradescope Project Study Design assignment folder for your section. Only one person should submit the file, and that person must add all group members to the submission after uploading the file. _____________________________________________________________________ Answer: 1. Study design: The study design we are using will be an observational study, as the variables cannot be controlled by any factors in the study. We are simply measuring blood pressure of willing individuals between the ages of 18 and 80 years old. 2. Potential confounding variables: There is room for bias as we will be collecting data on individuals that volunteer or give consent. Those who do give us consent will contribute to our study and could have more time than the average person in Vardo city, therefore less stressed and yielding a healthier blood pressure. Also, they can decide to not participate which would be a case of response bias. 3. Population: The population of interest is men and women between the ages of 18 and 80 that live in Vardo city. 4. Sampling plan: Start in Vardo and put the number of houses into a random number generator. Whatever number is randomly selected will be the house that is chosen. Once the house is chosen find the number of people in each house and run another random number selection. If the participant chosen will not consent or is not between ages 18 to 80, then start the process over until we have data on at least 15 islanders per person. 5. Sample size: 60 people, men and women. 6. Scope of inference: Given that we take an appropriate number of samples in multiple locations in Vardo city, we would be able to generalize the results to the city of Vardo and those similar. Other environmental factors have effects of blood pressure so the results cannot be generalized to large populations. _____________________________________________________________________ Data Collecting Due 2/12 Instructions: Each group member must collect data on at least 15 Islanders. Review the Collecting Data page for information on how to collect data on each Islanders. Your data should be recorded in a Google Sheet within your group’s Google Drive folder, with each row recording data from one observational unit, and one column for each variable. This should take the following form: ID Name Variable1 Variable2 CollectedBy 1 2 ● Record each Islander’s name in the “Name” column. ● The “Variable1” and “Variable2” column names should be replaced by descriptive variable names for your data set. Variable names should not have any spaces (e.g., ‘left_handed_or_not’ or ‘LeftHandedorNot’ or ‘Handedness’ instead of ‘left handed or not’) ● The group member who collected data on that Islander should be recorded in the “CollectedBy” column. ● Islanders that do not consent to participate should be included in the Google Sheet, but do not count towards a student’s needed 15 observations. For Islanders that do not consent, type NA for both Variable1 and Variable2. When you write up your results, you will need to report the total number of Islanders selected for your sample, and the number of those total who did not consent. You will use Google Sheets to record your data, then download as a PDF file and turn this file into the Gradescope “Project Data” assignment folder for your section. Only one person should submit the file, and that person must add all group members to the submission after uploading the file. _____________________________________________________________________ Answer: Data collected is on excel spreadsheet attached: _____________________________________________________________________ Descriptive statistics due 3/5 Instructions: The “Descriptive Statistics” and “Inferential Statistics” project submissions will form a complete written project report, from introducing the problem, describing the data collection process, exploring the data, conducting statistical inference, and interpreting the results. The “Descriptive Statistics” portion (due Friday, March 5) includes sections 1, 2, 5, and 6a described below; the “Inferential Statistics” portion (due Friday, April 16) includes sections 3, 4, and 6b described below. Your project report is limited to at most five pages (12 pt font, single-spaced text), and should be comprised of the following sections (use the following underlined section headings in your report): 1. Introduction: This section introduces the reader to your study. Do not assume the reader has already read your Research Question and Study Design sections, but you may use parts of those sections again here, incorporating revisions based on instructor feedback. Though your report is in paragraph form, this section should include the following components: ○ Motivation for your study – Why is this important? What is already known in the research literature? How does this study contribute to research in this area? Include at least three outside sources to investigate and present prior research work on the topic to both motivate and put your research in context. Include in-text citations for all sources referenced in this section, and full citations for those sources in the “References” section at the end of the report. ○ Research question ○ Data collection process – How did you select your sample? (Just saying “randomly sampled” is not enough. What random mechanism did you use to take the random sample? Describe the process.) (I used random number generator and it gave me random numbers, I chose those numbers to choose houses on the Island ) What population did you select your sample from? How did you assign treatments (if a randomized experiment)? How many people were selected for the study? What was the non-response rate? What variables did you measure on each individual? 2. Descriptive Results: ( This is a video Graphing Project Data Tutorial I uploaded it to guide you step by step https://d.top4top.io/m_1916kdakl1.mp4 I also attached all the files needed for this process )): This section summarizes the data through summary statistics and plots. Semi-blank R script files for calculating summary statistics and creating plots for each combination of variable types are provided in the D2L “Group Project Information” Content folder - use these script files as a starting point for your R code in this section. Though your report is in paragraph form, this section should include the following components: ○ Table(s) of summary statistics and a paragraph or two describing what these summary statistics tell us about the data. Summary statistics include both univariate statistics for each variable (e.g., means, proportions, standard deviations) and statistics that summarize the relationship between your two variables (e.g., difference in means, regression line and correlation, difference in proportions). ○ At least one well-labeled plot of your data, created in R, that directly addresses the research question, and a paragraph or two describing what this plot tells us about the data. ○ Well-organized R code used to generate the statistics and plots in this section should be included in the Appendix section a. 3. Inferential Results: This section reports the hypothesis test and confidence interval results that address your research question. Note that interpretations of these results will come in the next section. Semi-blank R script files for conducting inferential methods for each combination of variable types are provided in the D2L “Group Project Information” Content folder - use these script files as a starting point for your R code in thissection. Thoughyourreportisinparagraphform,thissectionshouldincludethe following components: ○ Definition of the parameter of interest, in context of the study. ○ Null and alternative hypotheses, written both in symbols and in words, in context of the study. ○ Check any assumptions needed for inference. ○ Results from the hypothesis test: ■ If using simulation methods, report the p-value and a plot of the simulated null distribution. ■ If using theory-based methods, report the value of the test statistic and the p-value. ○ Confidence interval for the parameter of interest. ○ Well-organized R code used to generate the statistics and plots in this section should be included in the Appendix section b.