SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION QUESTIONS 1. All 7-TM type receptors interact with which molecule on the intracellular side of the membrane? a) heterotrimeric G-protein b) adenyl cyclase c) cyclic AMP d) protein...

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SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION QUESTIONS 1. All 7-TM type receptors interact with which molecule on the intracellular side of the membrane? a) heterotrimeric G-protein b) adenyl cyclase c) cyclic AMP d) protein kinase A 2. Cyclic AMP exerts its action by: a) causing dissociation of the G-protein B) causing the receptor to dimerize c) stimulating release of Ca+2 d) activating protein kinase A 3. Receptors which use the phosphoinositide cascade have which type of receptors? A) 7-TM b) dimeric receptors which activate tyrosine kinases c) dimeric receptors which have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity d) receptors which have phosphatase activity 4. In the phosphoinositide cascade, the heterotrimeric G- protein stimulates: a) adenyl cyclase b) phospholipase c c) protein kinase a d) protein kinase c 5. Phospholipase c cleaves which membrane-bound molecule? A) PIP2 b) PIP3 c) IP3 d) protein phosphatase 6. In the phosphoinositide cascade, a calcium channel is activated by: a) the heterotrimeric G protein b) cyclic AMP c) IP3 d) DAG 7. In the phosphoinositide cascade, protein kinase c is activated by Ca+2 and _________: a) the heterotrimeric G protein b) cyclic AMP c) IP3 d) DAG 8. A hormone whose receptor uses cyclic AMP as a second messenger is: a) epinephrine b) human growth hormone c) epidermal growth factor d) insulin 9. Human growth hormone receptor is of which type? A) 7-TM b) dimeric receptors which activate tyrosine kinases c) dimeric receptors which have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity d) receptors which have phosphatase activity 10. The kinase which is activated by the human growth hormone receptor is called: a) protein kinase A b) protein kinase B c) protein kinase C d) JAK-2 11. Which of these is a transcription factor? A) IP3 b) Ras c) STAT5 d) Akt 12. Which of these is a G-protein? A) IP3 b) Ras c) STAT5 d) Grb 13. The epidermal growth factor receptor is of which type? A) 7-TM b) dimeric receptors which activate tyrosine kinases c) dimeric receptors which have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity d) receptors which have phosphatase activity 14. Which molecule is associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor? A) IP3 b) Ras c) STAT5 d) Akt 15. The insulin receptor is of which type? A) 7-TM b) dimeric receptors which activate tyrosine kinases c) dimeric receptors which have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity d) receptors which have phosphatase activity 16. Which membrane-bound molecule is part of the insulin receptor mechanism? A) adenyl cyclase b) JAK-2 c) PIP3 d) Akt 17. Akt is also called: a) protein kinase a b) protein kinase b c) protein kinase c d) receptor bound protein phosphatase 18. IRS-1 is associated with which receptor? A) epinephrine b) human growth hormone c) epidermal growth factor d) insulin 19. Which of these molecules is activated by Akt? A) Ras b) JAK-2 c) IP3 d) GLUT-4 20. When acting as a second messenger, Ca+2 often binds to which protein? A) ceruloplasmin b) calmodulin c) Akt d) JAK-2 CHAPTER 14 HOMEWORK 1. An inactive form of a digestive enzyme is called a: a) precursor b) zymogen c) proteozyme d) secretin 2. Which of these enzymes is found in saliva: a) pepsin b) trypsin c) chymotrypsin d) alpha-amylase 3. Which of these enzymes is found in the stomach? : a) pepsin b) trypsin c) chymotrypsin d) alpha-amylase 4. Besides food, humans also acquire protein nutrients from degradation of: a) bone tissue b) bacteria c) intestinal cells d) stomach lining 5. Omeprazole is a suicide inhibitor of: a) alpha amylase b) pepsin c) trypsin d) the potassium-hydrogen pump. 6. The hormone which regulates pH in the intestine is called: a) cholecystokinin b) secretin c) thyroxine d) epinephrine 7. The hormone which signals the release of digestive enzymes is: a) cholecystokinin b) secretin c) thyroxine d) epinephrine 8. Larger peptides are broken to smaller peptides by which enzymes? A) amylases b) peptidases c) chylomicrons d) lipases 9. Amino acids released into intestinal cells are transported into the blood by an antiporter which exchanges the amino acids for which ion? A) Cl- b) K+ c) Na+ d) Ca+2 10. When alpha amylase digests amylopectin, the final products are: a) glucose and fructose b) maltose and glucose c) maltose and fructose d) maltose and dextrin 11. The SGLT transporter may be best described as a: a) symporter b) antiporter c) pump protein d) voltage-gated channel 12. The two emulsifying agents which aid the transport of lipids in the intestine are: a) secretin and cholecystokinin b) lipases and proteases c) bile salts and momoacylglycerols d) peptide balls and fat globules 13. Triacylglycerols are transported from the intestinal cells to the lymph system by: a) symporters b) antiporters c) active transport pumps d) chylomicreons 14. Triacylglycerols are re-assembled from monoacylglycerols and fatty acids at which site in the intestinal cell? A) nucleus b) mitochondria c) ribosome d) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 15. Glycocholate is a: a) transport protein b) lipase coenzyme c) emulsifying agent d) hormone CHAPTER 15 HOMEWORK 1. In the metabolic process, most small molecules such as amino acids, sugars and fatty acids are degraded to which molecule? A) glycogen b) biotin c) NAD d) Acetyl-CoA 2. In the Citric Acid Cycle, carbon atoms obtained from various metabolites are converted to: a) glucose b) pyruvate c) CO2 d) CH4 3. Which of these processes produces the most ATP? A) glycolysis b) gluconeogenesis c) the Citric Acid Cycle d) oxidative phosphorylation 4. Metabolic pathways are most commonly regulated by: a) cofactors and coenzymes b) pH c) temperature d) allosteric enzymes 5. A metabolic pathway will proceed spontaneously if: a) the ∆G for each step is negative b) the ∆G of the highest step is negative c) the ∆G of the slowest step is negative d) the sum total of ∆G for all the steps is negative 6. Which of these molecules has a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP? A) posphoenolpyruvate b) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate c) creatine phosphate d) all of them 7. Which of these molecules would yield the most energy upon oxidation? A) CH3CH2CH3 b) CH3CH2CH2OH c) CH3CH2CHO d) CH3CH2COOH 8. The most commonly used oxidative coenzyme is: a) NAD b) NADH c) NADP d) FADH2 9. The most commonly used reductive coenzyme is: a) NADH b) NADPH C) FAD d) NAD 10. FAD most commonly oxidizes a) C-O bonds b) C-C bonds: c) C-N bonds d) N-H bonds 11. The reactive part of the acetyl-CoA molecule is a(n): a) alcohol group b) aldehyde group c) amino group d) thiol group 12. Vitamin B-12 is involved in: a) oxidation reactions b) dehydration reactions c) methyl transfer reactions d) decarboxylations 13. The vitamin which regulates calcium metabolism is: a) B1 b) D c) K d) C 14. Hormones often regulate enzyme activity by: a) serving as allosteric modulators b) covalent modification of enzymes c) removing cofactors d) changing the pH 15. Amounts of enzymes may be regulated by: a) allosteric modulators b) covalent modification c) transcription factors d) cofactors and coenzymes LIPID AND MEMBRANE QUESTIONS 1. If an unsaturated fatty acid has 18 carbons, a double bond at position ∆15 would be in ω notation ω - _________? 2. The functional groups which hold fatty acid molecules and glycerol molecules together in triacylglecerol molecules are called: ____________ 3. If a triacylglycerol is heated in aqueous sodium hydroxide (lye) solution glycerol and the sodium salts of fatty acids are produced. This mixture of sodium salts of fatty acids is called in common terminology ________. 4. Name the four parts of phosphatidylcholine. _______, _________, ________ and _________ 5. The molecule found in phospholipids which most resembles glucose is: a) lecithin b) inositol c) choline d) kinetic acid 6. A molecule which contains sphingosine bonded to a fatty acid is called ________ 7. A lipid class which contains no fatty acids is called ___________ 8. When phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is sonicated in water it forms ____________ 9. Membrane fluidity may be regulated by the degree of unsaturation or by the presence of which molecule? ____________ 10. A protein which embeds part way into a membrane, but does not go all the way through would be classed as a(n) _________ membrane protein. 11. Prostaglandin synthase converts which molecule into prostaglandin H2? ____________ 12. Movement of a lipid molecule from one side of a membrane to another is called __________ diffusion. 13. All pump