I chose the Mad Hatter to relate a disorder to
Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology Ch 14 3 ways of Defining “Disorder” 1. Full APA definition: “A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning). Or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom” 2 2. The Statistical Approach - Statistically speaking, abnormal is defined as extremes (red X areas) of experience and behavior - Problems include cultural differences in “normality,” and inability to distinguish “difference” from “disorder.” 3 3. The Clinical Approach Abnormal Unusual Distressing Harmful to self or others This 3rd aspect of the definition is important in distinguishing “disorders requiring treatment” from a “unusual yet functional” psychological experience. 4 Summary It’s ok to be sad, anxious, etc. occasionally. Everyone is “odd” or “unusual” sometimes! BUT: Behaviors are diagnosed as truly“abnormal” if they disrupt daily functioning or harmful to yourself or someone else How Are Psychological Disorders Diagnosed? There is typically only one main way that variaous disorders are diagnosed. . . . 6 Diagnostic & Statistical Manual The DSM defines standardized diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders. Now in its 5th edition A publication of the American Psychiatric Association 7 Criticisms of the DSM Lack of input by the wider community of professionals in mental health care and research (such as Ph.D. psychologists, social workers, public health experts). Blurring the line between normal, “unpleasant” behavior and truly abnormal. Ex. - gender norm deviation and homosexuality were treated as disorders in early versions of the DSM Ex - debate over whether there is a separate, more intense form of PTSD resulting from repeated traumatic events 8 Perspectives/Theories of Abnormal Psychology Nature vs Nurture The Biological (Nature) Perspective Genetic influences on depression, schizophrenia, OCD, personality disorders Social (Environmental/ Nurture) Perspectives Parental attachment styles, environment growing up Substance abuse, friendships/ relationships Anxiety/depression disorders, PTSD, etc. Major Types of Psychological Disorders Anxiety Mood disorders Dissociative Personality Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Strong negative emotions Physical tension, anticipation of danger Anxiety disorders reflect an extreme degree of these feelings, to an extent that causes distress and interferes with daily functioning. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) GAD is experienced as an overall sense of dread Non-specific. 6 months or more Headaches, muscle tension, nausea Panic Disorder Sudden, extreme experience of fear and sympathetic nervous system arousal May feel like a heart attack. Only lasts about 10 minutes Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) About 10-15% of individuals develop PTSD following a traumatic experience. Symptoms include hypervigilance, avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic experience, emotional numbing, and flashbacks or intrusive thoughts about the experience. BUT Traumatic experience may be subjective - Event Centrality is how central an event is to someone - Not just for military personnel! 16 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions Compulsions Twin studies suggest a strong genetic component to OCD, with concordance rates of 63-87% for identical twins. Mood Disorders - Depression Causes: 1. Heredity 2. Gender (females more than males) 3. Cognition: How you explain life’s events in your mind: - internal/external – who takes the blame for what happens to you? (Int.– you; Ext. – others) global/specific – do things only happen to you, or have other people experienced them as well? - External and Specific types tend to be more susceptible to depression. People are fairly consistent over their lifetime in how they attribute their failures Mood Disorders - Bipolar Disorder Depressive episodes alternate with episodes of mania. Manic episodes are characterized by extremely elevated/positive mood, grandiosity, low need for sleep, rapid speech, difficulty concentrating, and rapid changes in thought. Bipolar Disorder cont. Although mania can increase productive behavior, a crucial diagnostic criterion is: “increased tendency to engage in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences,” including substance abuse, gambling, sexual activity, and shopping. This aspect of destructive and impulsive pleasure-seeking distinguishes manic episodes from normal periods of positive mood and high energy! Dissociative Disorders Severe disruptions of identity, memory, and/or consciousness that are not explained by biological factors (like disease) Typically follows an extremely traumatic event, but little is known about other causal factors. 2 types. . . . . 1. Dissociative Identity Disorder Formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder 1791 – 1944: 76 cases 1944-1964: 1 more case (Three Faces of Eve: 1957) 1965-1979: 36 more 1984: 171 current cases Today: <1% of population before eve, most cases involved 1 alter the movie provided new insights into did average number of alters today = 13 22 1. dissociative identity disorder individuals have at least two clear personality states, called ‘alters’, which may have different reactions, emotions, and body functioning symptoms: losses of time/memory lapses, blackouts, feeling unreal, and feeling like more than one person. these people may also be more likely to have other mental illnesses 23 2. schizophrenia delusions hallucinations two or more symptoms paranoid type disorganized speech disorganized or catatonic behavior affective flattening, alogia, avolition disorganized or catatonic type (see notes section at bottom of slide) schizophrenia is diagnosed in terms of five major types of symptoms. delusions are bizarre and inaccurate beliefs. hallucinations are perceptions that cannot be explained by actual stimuli. disorganized speech and behavior are incoherent and without rational purpose. catatonic behavior is physical immobility, sometimes in an awkward body position. the “negative symptoms” include emotional flattening, lack of speech, and lack of will or movement. not all patients experience all symptoms. a diagnosis can be based on two or more symptoms experienced strongly most of the time for at least one month, during a period of at least 6 months in which milder symptoms are present. clusters of symptoms are the basis for recognized subtypes of schizophrenia. 24 biology and schizophrenia spouse of patient uncle/aunt half sibling fraternal twin two parents general population first cousin nephew/niece grandchild child sibling one parent identical twin can also be detected by brain activity – scientists think that there may be decreased brain activity in the frontal lobe of schizo. patients 25 personality disorders 1. antisocial personality disorder commonly known as “psychopathy” lack of remorse and empathy risky, irresponsible behavior; no concern for rules fairly rare strong genetic component to apd (46 – 67%) 2. borderline personality disorder “borderline” between anxiety and psychosis instability in relationships, due to problems with self-image and managing emotions strong nature and nurture influences if relatives are diagnosed with bpd, more likely to also be diagnosed but about 70% of diagnosed individuals had traumatic life event 27 assignment 12 choose a disorder you find particularly interesting think of a disney character that may possibly be diagnosable as that disorder write a full 2-page (no extra space at top or bottom), 12 pt font, times new roman, double-spaced, 1” margins essay on the character and disorder you chose. you must include references/terms/definitions from the notes (hint: many students get caught up in just telling story of movie, without making several clear connections to terms/symptoms from disorder) turn in by the due date to the link in the mod 7 folder! of="" population="" before="" eve,="" most="" cases="" involved="" 1="" alter="" the="" movie="" provided="" new="" insights="" into="" did="" average="" number="" of="" alters="" today="13" 22="" 1.="" dissociative="" identity="" disorder="" individuals="" have="" at="" least="" two="" clear="" personality="" states,="" called="" ‘alters’,="" which="" may="" have="" different="" reactions,="" emotions,="" and="" body="" functioning="" symptoms:="" losses="" of="" time/memory="" lapses,="" blackouts,="" feeling="" unreal,="" and="" feeling="" like="" more="" than="" one="" person.="" these="" people="" may="" also="" be="" more="" likely="" to="" have="" other="" mental="" illnesses="" 23="" 2.="" schizophrenia="" delusions="" hallucinations="" two="" or="" more="" symptoms="" paranoid="" type="" disorganized="" speech="" disorganized="" or="" catatonic="" behavior="" affective="" flattening,="" alogia,="" avolition="" disorganized="" or="" catatonic="" type="" (see="" notes="" section="" at="" bottom="" of="" slide)="" schizophrenia="" is="" diagnosed="" in="" terms="" of="" five="" major="" types="" of="" symptoms.="" delusions="" are="" bizarre="" and="" inaccurate="" beliefs.="" hallucinations="" are="" perceptions="" that="" cannot="" be="" explained="" by="" actual="" stimuli.="" disorganized="" speech="" and="" behavior="" are="" incoherent="" and="" without="" rational="" purpose.="" catatonic="" behavior="" is="" physical="" immobility,="" sometimes="" in="" an="" awkward="" body="" position.="" the="" “negative="" symptoms”="" include="" emotional="" flattening,="" lack="" of="" speech,="" and="" lack="" of="" will="" or="" movement.="" not="" all="" patients="" experience="" all="" symptoms.="" a="" diagnosis="" can="" be="" based="" on="" two="" or="" more="" symptoms="" experienced="" strongly="" most="" of="" the="" time="" for="" at="" least="" one="" month,="" during="" a="" period="" of="" at="" least="" 6="" months="" in="" which="" milder="" symptoms="" are="" present.="" clusters="" of="" symptoms="" are="" the="" basis="" for="" recognized="" subtypes="" of="" schizophrenia.="" 24="" biology="" and="" schizophrenia="" spouse="" of="" patient="" uncle/aunt="" half="" sibling="" fraternal="" twin="" two="" parents="" general="" population="" first="" cousin="" nephew/niece="" grandchild="" child="" sibling="" one="" parent="" identical="" twin="" can="" also="" be="" detected="" by="" brain="" activity="" –="" scientists="" think="" that="" there="" may="" be="" decreased="" brain="" activity="" in="" the="" frontal="" lobe="" of="" schizo.="" patients="" 25="" personality="" disorders="" 1.="" antisocial="" personality="" disorder="" commonly="" known="" as="" “psychopathy”="" lack="" of="" remorse="" and="" empathy="" risky,="" irresponsible="" behavior;="" no="" concern="" for="" rules="" fairly="" rare="" strong="" genetic="" component="" to="" apd="" (46="" –="" 67%)="" 2.="" borderline="" personality="" disorder="" “borderline”="" between="" anxiety="" and="" psychosis="" instability="" in="" relationships,="" due="" to="" problems="" with="" self-image="" and="" managing="" emotions="" strong="" nature="" and="" nurture="" influences="" if="" relatives="" are="" diagnosed="" with="" bpd,="" more="" likely="" to="" also="" be="" diagnosed="" but="" about="" 70%="" of="" diagnosed="" individuals="" had="" traumatic="" life="" event="" 27="" assignment="" 12="" choose="" a="" disorder="" you="" find="" particularly="" interesting="" think="" of="" a="" disney="" character="" that="" may="" possibly="" be="" diagnosable="" as="" that="" disorder="" write="" a="" full="" 2-page="" (no="" extra="" space="" at="" top="" or="" bottom),="" 12="" pt="" font,="" times="" new="" roman,="" double-spaced,="" 1”="" margins="" essay="" on="" the="" character="" and="" disorder="" you="" chose.="" you="" must="" include="" references/terms/definitions="" from="" the="" notes="" (hint:="" many="" students="" get="" caught="" up="" in="" just="" telling="" story="" of="" movie,="" without="" making="" several="" clear="" connections="" to="" terms/symptoms="" from="" disorder)="" turn="" in="" by="" the="" due="" date="" to="" the="" link="" in="" the="" mod="" 7="">