I am an undergraduate student in my 3rd year, I am subjected to write an undergraduate...

Question

I am an undergraduate student in my 3rd year, I am subjected to write an undergraduate dissertation.I applied my research proposal, it was graded for 72%, thus you may use it for writing actual dissertation. In addition, I applied possible outline for the dissertation.

Reframing discourse on race Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2 Methodology Chapter 2. Literature review Chapter 3. Institutional racism (possible option of chapter) 3.1 Afro-Pessimism 3.2 Police brutality Economic injustices Human rights Theoretical Chapter 4. Black Lives Matter (sample option of chapter) Empirical 4.1What are the strategies of BLM to reframe racism Chapter 5. Conclusion 5.1. Conclusion 5.2 Limitations Bibliography Introduction Problem statement · BlackLivesMatter emerged as a response to killings of Black people in the US · Became a hashtag and transformed into a social movement · After the emergence: BLM challenges this racism through various instruments · There is more of a social narrative of racism rather than of political context Aims & objectives (possible options) · investigate how movement reframe debates on race & racism, especially in media · reveal the process of framing (movement’s social media, protest, their activism) & highlight the importance of framing · contribute to the existing literature on framing and social movements · contribute to the development of racial consciousness · to reveal structural operations that are based on racism in societies · investigate ways in which the BLM movement is fighting racism that center on politics · obtain an insight into the current activities of the BLM movement (attention to the new issues that the group is focusing on) · show the level of institutionalised racism against the Black community even in the 21st century · 2 main aims (frames & fighting racism) · qualitative research method · gather academic writings · website information · official Twitter posts · news headlines · reports · case study: Black Lives Matter · Google Reframing racism: BlackLivesMatter Introduction/ Problem statement Black lives matter movement was established as a popular social movement. It originally was found in 2013 in the Internet space due to the killing of unarmed black teenager, Trayvon Martin, in Ferguson. The reaction to this repetitive incident created a resonance in social media and later in mainstream media. People started to use a hashtag #BlackLivesMatter in Twitter to talk about not just about the contentious murders of black people by whites but about all struggles that face Black people. Thus, #BlackLivesMatter hashtag is a symbol of contemporary racial inequalities. After that hashtag became a social movement that was aimed to cease police brutality and other social injustices against black people. The hashtag became popular on social media, especially on Twitter, where it was used more than 30 million times since its appearance (Anderson, 2018). Before the emergence of the movement, mass media was portraying Black people as criminals, thus framing race with crime (Chiricos, 2002). #BlackLivesMatter is a hashtag that by itself works as a framing for the movement. How does movement want to reframe existing stereotyped framing on media? Over the years blacks have incorporated different movements to ensure that their grievances are heard. The #BLM was crafted in 2013 to ensure minimization of brutality against African Americans and Africans in generals. However, it is fundamental to understand that there are stereotypical representations that black movements have had in the past. BLM seeks to remove these stereotypical beliefs and representation that the media have tried to shine light upon, for example, exclusion of women and transgender. The movements have incorporated more women over the years and people of transgender to strengthen their position in terms of protecting black lives and advancing their advocacy for better treatment. The media has been seen in the past to peek on different components to act as an angle of attacking some of the protest held by blacks fighting for their rights in the United States, for example, blowing some incidence out of proportions and unequal representation of gender in the group. However, this is taking a stereotypical trajectory since the movement involve women and people from other genders. Sometimes the media tends to lean on police statements which insist that victims of shootings are criminals. The advancement in technology has helped the blacks to overcome these stereotypical representations when witnesses provide video recordings of police shootings and harassments of blacks. This paper expounds on reframing of racism in different platforms, for example, social media by considering the BlackLivesMatter context. Aims and objectives Considering described issues, this dissertation aims to investigate how social movement is reframing racism and stereotypes through social media. Firstly, it will analyse how media institution created conditions for stereotypes of Black people on mass media. Then it will move on to analysing the existing mass media frames and frames of the Blacklivesmatter. This will demonstrate the process of framing and highlight the importance of framing for social movements. Further, it will discuss the role of social media in the development of frames of the movement. Another purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the existing literature about analysis of framing of social movements. Also, to give significance to the BLM movement as a social movement that has emerged recently but has acquired such resonance across the globe. Methodology In order to accomplish given aims, this study will use qualitative research data to achieve in-depth analysis of the problem. In terms of qualitative data, I will use a broad number of literatures sources, varying from scholar articles and books about social movements and framing theories. In addition, I will use reports produced by the movement and other related research centres that produced reports on given topic. Furthermore, I will use updated data from official website of the BlackLivesMatter movement. More specifically, blog posts and press releases published on website. To expand the content, research will also use additional source: Movement for Black Lives, as BLM is a member of this coalition. Literature Review Banks (2018) analyses the ways in which mainstream media cover BlackLivesMatter movement. Over the years the social media has created a platform that allows the expression of an individual’s views and opinions without gags or threats. The same case is mirrored by women who started the movement BlackLiveMatter. The involvement of women at the pinnacle of the movement shunned some of the stereotypical representation of movements which have resonated in the media from the past. Most movements in the past involved men than women and they locked out some of the groups, for example, the transgender. However, this has changed in the recent past where BLM is inclusive of different groups and genders in order to add weight as they advance their grievances regarding some of the heinous acts faced by blacks. However, some popular channels, for example, Fox News, CNN and New York Times typically frame the protests of the movement in a negative manner, using various techniques of delegitimizing the protestors. In comparison, the Civil Rights Movement activists were portrayed as a good citizen in mainstream media at that time. The works by Banks highlight some of the three stereotypical trajectories that the media takes to explain the protest taken by blacks to advocate for better treatment. Currently, the main stream media incorporates the use some rhetorical phrasing that are meant to delegitimize the progress and advocacy insisted by the by the BlackLivesMatter movement. Ince et al. (2017), explored how social media users cooperate with movement’s framework. Black Lives Matter movement originally started with a hashtag, a label that designates the framework of an event. The social media has facilitated the creation of framings, for example, twitter where some of BLM activities and progress is noted. According to Ince et al. (2017), the incorporation of twitter as platform to address the issue surrounding blacks resulted in the creation of different frames. In this case, #BlackLivesMatter worked as a framework for the movement. Users on social media could easily find posts related to the movement and hashtag performed a mobilizing function. This kind of indexing allowed users to determine the content of the movement. Authors refer to this phenomenon as to “distribute framing”. Thus, labelling in social media played an important part in collective action of the movement. It allowed users not only to communicate online, but also created an opportunity to mobilize with supporters of the idea. Furthermore, the #BlackLivesMatter generated more frames in order to defend the movement’s agenda, speak against police brutality, support Ferguson and counter some of the negative sentiments. Distributed framing allows expanding the audience, giving the meaning and expressing understanding of the movement. Findings showed that users via using hashtags mostly expressed their feeling of solidarity to the framework of the movement. In addition, users discussed actual tactics for making change of the problem that movement indicates as police brutality and killings of African Americans. Many scholars have emphasised how mass media portrays black people as criminals (Chiricos and Eschholz, 2002). Chiricos and Eschholz (2002) analysed data on how Blacks are presented in local US news Orlando, Florida and found that they are not overrepresented. However, the media frames the blacks as lethal criminals more than whites hence creating a stereotypical representation in the mainstream media. Data revealed that Blacks are mostly shown as criminals that more represented as threat than White people. The poor representation in the main stream media by some of the TV stations has placed blacks as typical criminals who do not deserve a listening. This form of misrepresentation makes it difficult for black movements to advance their agendas due to the poor representation in the negativity imprinted in the society. The Local conventional media support the stereotyped racist myths that exist among society. The unequal representation is also seen as modern racism since it counters since it results in exclusion hence advancing some of the brutal acts perpetuated against the blacks. Leopold and Bell (2017) published articles to examine the BLM’s coverage in mainstream media. Study found that media used different kinds of rhetoric in observing BLM as protest paradigm. Moreover, new has encouraged racialization over the years, therefore, representing blacks as criminals. Some of the frames portrayed by the main stream media misrepresent the protests conducted by the movements hence delegitimizing the agendas conveyed by BLM. The negative representation offers the audience an incomplete version of what the movement portrays which affects BLM negatively in the long run. This fact indicates that media is a tool of delegitimizing the movement by representing it as a protest Amenta et al (2017) described the reasons from scholar literature on the importance of media coverage. The media entails the coverage from newspapers which at times highlight some of the activities undertaken by movement leaders. These representations can either build or degrade the movement leaders hence affecting their agendas they seek to portray. The use of negative rhetorical presentations delegitimizes the movements hence strengthening some of the negative actions portrayed against black lives. Lowstedt and Mboti (2017) argued media hegemony where there is high representation of singular race to address some of the issues faced by the blacks hence resulting in poor assumptions tend to delegitimize and demonize the African Americans.. He discussed that media

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Soumi · Accepted Answer

REFRAMING RACISM: BLACK LIVES MATTER
Abstract
The current research, titled, REFRAMING RACISM: BLACK LIVES MATTER has been positioned as the central theme for identifying the role played by mainstream media institutions and social media networks in the given context of anti-racism based Black Lives Matter Movement. The research laid down the research by first selecting the American context of the black people killing and giving details about the research aim, objectives and subsequent questions that brings into front the various aspects related to the research topic and also provided the details of the used methods in the research. The researcher has provided a host literary discussions in a critical tone, including research topic variable and themes developed from the connecting of the variables and their associated perspectives. 
The current research also provided detailed use of thematic analysis done in the context of research topic, which includes the likes of Afro-pessimism Framework, Theories Relating to Police Brutality, Economic Injustice, Human Rights and Framing Theory. The researcher used the theoretical and literature based learning for the analysis if the literary themes in subsequent sections. The critical assessment of the themes and their critical nature lead to the conclusion that mainstream media are not neutral in their dealings of social movements, especially when it involves black people therefore, social media and transparency should be used to avoid reframing of the events. Considering the identified issues proper suggestions that are intended for the improvement of the research issue has been made. 
 
Acknowledgement
The current research, titled REFRAMING RACISM: BLACK LIVES MATTER, has been a learning experience and scope of wider knowledge catering. Although the current researcher is submitted as my solo effort, I have to confess that there have been people, who have taken their valuable time to assist, direct and rectify my efforts towards a refined literary work that has value. Firstly, as a part of my acknowledgement, I would like to mention the name of my mentor, who has been a consistent support, a strict coach and an honest critic. Further, I would like to thanks my friends for being there throughout the course and encouraged me, when my confidence declined. I would also like to thank the authors of the literary sources, from which I have gathered information. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for taking all the pains while I was engaged in the work and managed their chores on their own. Thank you all for your unwavering support. I appreciate your help.
Thanking you all.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction	8
1.0 Introduction to Black Life Matters Movement	8
1.1 Background of the Research	8
1.2 Research Rationale	9
1.3 Problem Statement	9
1.4 Research Aim	10
1.5 Research Objectives	10
1.6 Research Questions	10
1.7 Research Methodology	10
1.7.1 Research Onion	10
1.7.2 Research Philosophy	11
1.7.3 Research Approach	11
1.7.4 Research Design	12
1.7.5 Research Type and Research Strategy	12
1.7.6 Data Sources and Data Collection and Analysis Methods	12
1.7.7 Inclusion-Exclusion Criteria	13
1.7.8 Reliability and Validity	13
1.7.9 Ethical Consideration	13
1.7.10 Timeline	13
1.8 Significance of the Research	13
1.9 Structure of the Dissertation	14
1.10 Summary	14
Chapter 2: Literature Review	15
2.0 Introduction	15
2.1 Concept of Social Movement	15
2.2 Factors Leading to Social Movement	15
2.3 Factors Influencing Social Movement	16
2.4 Concept of Racism	16
2.5 Factors Affecting Racism	16
2.6 Impact of Social Movement on Racism	17
2.7 Concept of Social Media	17
2.8 Impact of Social Media on Public Perspective	18
2.9 Ethical Status of Social Media Institutions	18
2.10 Role of Social Media in Stereotyping Social Movement	19
2.11 Character of Social Media in Context of Black Lives Matter Movement	19
2.12 Conceptual Framework	20
2.13 Summary	20
Chapter 3: Institutional Racism	21
3.0 Introduction	21
3.1 Afro-pessimism Framework	21
3.2 Theories Relating to Police Brutality	22
3.2.1 Sociological Theory	22
3.2.2 Psychological Theory	22
3.2.3 Organisational Theory	22
3.3 Economic Injustice	23
3.4 Human Rights	23
3.4.1 Theory of Natural Rights	23
3.4.2 Theory of Social Rights	23
3.4.3 Theory of Legal Right	24
3.4.4 Theory of Historical Rights	24
3.4.5 Theory of Economic Rights	24
3.5 Framing Theory	24
3.6 Summary	24
Chapter 4: Black Lives Matter	26
4.0 Introduction	26
4.1 Analysis of Qualitative Literary Sources	26
4.2 Analysis of Qualitative Data from Official Website of Black Lives Matter	32
4.3 Analysis of Qualitative Data from Twitter Posts on Black Lives Matter	32
4.4 Analysis of Qualitative Data from Online News	34
4.5 Strategies of Black Lives Matter for Reframing Racism	35
4.6 Summary	35
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation	36
5.0 Conclusion	36
5.1 Linking with the Literature	36
5.2 Limitations of the Research	37
5.3 Future Scope of the Research	38
5.6 Recommendations	39
References	40
Appendix	46
List of Table and Figures
Figure 1: Research Onion	11
Figure 2: Structure of the Research	14
Figure 3: Conceptual Framework	20
Figure 4: Mainstream News Channel Use Negative Rhetoric for BLM	26
Figure 5: The New York Times in a Negative Attitude towards BLM	27
Figure 6: Official Page of Facebook	28
Figure 7: Negative Reframing and Facts used against BLM	29
Figure 8: Black Live Matter Twitter Handle Used for Victims	32
Figure 9: Twitter Handle of Black Lives Matter	33
Table 1: Gantt chart	46
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Introduction to Black Life Matters Movement 
Racism is one of the fundamental negative aspects that define human psychology and sociology and it has been existent within society from the dawn of civilisation. The attempt to eradicate, eliminate and obliterate racism has been done consistently and even after the modern day, society, which has widened humanist vision, proper learning, and popularisation of cosmopolitan mentality, has failed. Racism is found to evolve in its nature, by being symmetrical to the measures taken against it. Modern day racism is laid out strategically, so that the racist acts can be justified in the guise of crime and legal norms. 
The Black Life Matters Movement, which initiated in 2013, after the unjustified killing of the unarmed black teenager Trayvon Martin in Ferguson, has been a modern interpretation of racial injustice (CNN, 2019). Despite the remarkable popularity and overwhelming support on social media, the mainstream media is found to stereotype the #BlackLivesMatter and undermine its true nature and intent. The current research aims at finding the role of media in reframing anti-racism as a crime, especially in the context of The Black Life Matters Movement, for highlighting the struggle of the Black people. 
1.1 Background of the Research
Racism is a widely noticed, easily identified and critically intriguing matter of discussion for researchers in the past, and discussion topic such as Black Women and Everyday Racism by St Jean and Feagin (2015) and African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem by Fischer and Shaw (1999), have been discussed in various degrees and variations. The focus in both the mentioned types of previous researches has been laid on the racism faced by a specific gender and mental health of the black Americans, which in both cases do not provide representation of wider demographics. In majority of the researches conducted on racism, as mentioned by Dobson and Knezevic (2018), the role of media, which has played a negative role by stereotyping social movements of black people as criminal activities and supports the brutality of the white people in power, has not been discussed in proper details, therefore, the current research, which uses The Black Life Matters Movement to evaluate the role, which media plays, drawing its significance. 
1.2 Research Rationale 
The unethically defensive role played by media against social movements that are aimed at acquiring anti-racial rights and awareness about the inconveniences created as a form of racial act. As comprehended by Goodwill et al. (2018), the social media is reframing the actual details and visions of the movement, which is drawing a negative response from the larger population, making the movements lose their significance, which is creating the issue of rights violation and curbing of equality and multicultural harmony. The negative role played by the media also hampers the transparency that is required for social justice. 
The role played by the media in reframing the racial acts, for the safeguarding of the white people, is an issue as the passive suppression of the social movements is encouraging racial activists, which socialists are losing their public support, which is a major issue. As the socialists do not get the support of the media, as opined by Sumerau and Grollman (2018), the movements they participate in either deviates towards an issue, which offers higher viewership to media channels, or makes the movements restricted to a limited region, bringing in negative aspects, distorted facts to de-motivate the general support of the movements such as the Black Lives Matter Movements, which promotes the cause of the black people and racial issues experienced.
The role of media in reframing racial acts is a current issues because, in the modern age, social media is expected to be neutral, transparent and honest, being the representative of the greater masses. In addition, social media uses digital platform, which gives the sharing of information the capacity to transcend international borders, help in raising global issues for the benefit of the humanity. In such a critical circumstance, if media does not remain ethical in their actions, the entire democracy would lose its core values and significances, as the people will only see what is expected, instead of what actually is happening (Liu et al. 2019). 
The current research would not only shed light on the assessment of the role of media in reframing social movements, it would also hint at the potential ways anti-social activities, such as racism would be eliminated or at least reduced from taking place in the society, especially against black people in particular. 
1.3 Problem Statement
The media reframes the social movements in a stereotypical manner that does not ensure unbiased and unethical information sharing, which undermines relevant social movements and promotes anti-social activities. 
1.4 Research Aim
The aim of the current research is to investigate how social movement is reframing racism and stereotypes through social media. 
1.5 Research Objectives
· To analyse how media institution reframe and stereotype of social movements relating to racism with Black people 
· To analyse the role of existing mass media frames in demonstrating the importance of Black Lives Matter and its framing as a social movements for racial consciousness
· To contribute to literature about analysis of framing of social movements and structural operations on racism in society
· To give significance to Black Lives Matter Movement as a recent social movement that has acquired resonance across the globe and find ways to fight against racism 
1.6 Research Questions
· How media institutions reframe and stereotype social movements relating to racism with Black people?
· What is the role of existing mass media frames in demonstrating the importance of Black Lives Matter and its framing as a social movement for racial consciousness?
· How does the current research contribute in the literature about analysing framing of social media and structural operations on racism in society?
· How significant is Black Lives Matter Movement as a recent social movement that has global resonance and the ability to fight against racism? 
1.7 Research Methodology
1.7.1 Research Onion
Research onions are figurative representation of sequence of steps used for data collection and its processing. In the current research the researchers has used the research onion proposed and developed by Saunders et al. (2009). The research onion has presented research philosophy at the outermost layer, while placing the data collection and analysis method at the innermost layer. 
Figure 1: Research Onion
(Source: Saunders et al. 2009)
1.7.2 Research Philosophy
The positivism research philosophy has been used for the current research, as it, uses available data for understanding the particular requirements of the research (Rubin, Bell and McClelland, 2018). In the current research the researcher has aimed at the use of literary data for exploring the various aspect of the issue raised, therefore, positivism philosophy is best suited. In case of interpretivism and realism research philosophies, the former depends on the human perception, devoid of rational arguments, while the later completely ignores the human perception, both of which, given the research problem is not suitable and hence are not selected. 
1.7.3 Research Approach
The current research uses deductive research and rejects the inductive approach. Deductive approach offers easy elimination of collection of data, which are found irrelevant in the context of the research aims, objectives and problem, using which the researcher has been able to pinpoint relevant literature and therefore has used it. In case of inductive research approach, the researchers use different set of data for formulate new theories, which the current research did not require, therefore, the researcher has not it. 
1.7.4 Research Design
Among the three distinct types of designs – explanatory, exploratory and descriptive, the researcher, for the current research has used descriptive research design, which provided details about the positive and negative aspect of the variables, theories and discussions, offering critical assessment. The explanatory research, design, which only offered simple explanations of data that lacks any critical assessment, therefore, has not been selected. In case of exploratory description, the psychological perspective is used, which is also not necessary for the current research, therefore has also been rejected from use. 
1.7.5 Research Type and Research Strategy
The current research has selected the secondary research type over primary research type. In case of secondary research, as opined by Flynn and Korcuska (2018), the researcher uses pre-processed data, which has been positioned in literary works, relating to researchers’, preferred research topics. In the current research, the researcher had limited time collecting primary data was difficult and time consuming, therefore, secondary research type has been opted. In case of primary research type, the researchers collect data from human respondents and then process the data. However, in the current research, the availability of human participants were difficult to attain, therefore, the primary research has not been used. In case of the secondary research literary source, based thematic analysis has been finalised and used. Apart from thematic analysis, case study observation is also available; however, considering the wide spectrum of the discussion area case study strategy has been dropped. 
1.7.6 Data Sources and Data Collection and Analysis Methods
In the current research, the researcher has used multiple number of data sources, however the type being secondary data only. The collected secondary data has been of qualitative research data type. In terms of the sources, the researcher is seen collecting data from literary sources, scholarly sources, books and journals that have contents of social movement and framing theories. The collected data and response from the web sources will be formulated in a report format for collective data assessment for the research. As the current research is weaved around the issue of Black Lives Matter Movement, the official website of the movement is also used a rich source of qualitative data. In response to the mentioned movement, the researcher has also used blog posts as source of reflective qualitative data, generated by eminent personalities. In order to offer depth to the research, the researcher has also included data used and circulated on selective social media network platforms, such as Twitter and Facebook. 
1.7.7 Inclusion-Exclusion Criteria
In the current research the research topic variables, language and time of composition have been selected as the major inclusion-exclusion criteria. The literary sources, which aligns with the research topic variables are included, while that do not have the alignment have been eliminated. The literary sources, which are written in English, have only been included, while in case of the data of publication, all the literary pieces composed after 2000 have not been included. 
1.7.8 Reliability and Validity
The current literary sources in use in the current research are highly reliable and offer satisfactory validity. All the collected data sources are authentic with no commercial contents included in the research, which makes the collected data sources formal and academically approved. The researcher has only included latest literary pieces, offering validity of their contents in the context of the change in timeframe. The researcher has only collected data from authentic websites, which contains authentic responses from human respondents, which also improves the reliability and validity of the research. 
1.7.9 Ethical Consideration
In the current research, the researcher has abided all the ethical norms of research. Firstly, none of the collected data has been used for commercial purposes in any circumstances. Secondly, all the referred literature has been properly citied in the reference list as well as in the main text. The researcher has not applied biased perception on the thematic analysis and discussions. The researcher has presented the perspective of the cited authors in their true forms, without any intended distortions. The researcher has only used literature, which are current and have prominent significance in context of the research topic and its variables. 
1.7.10 Timeline
Refer to Appendix 1
1.8 Significance of the Research
With the help of the current research, the current and future researchers, as well as general readers will be able to get a better idea about the unethical activities indulged by media institutions and would also hint at the traits of unethical reframing of social movement and potential ways of resolving the issues. 
1.9 Structure of the Dissertation
Figure 2: Structure of the Research
(Source: Learner)
1.10 Summary
The current chapter presented details about current research topic, the background, the rationale, the aim, objectives, questions and problem, statements, along with the details of the methods used for data collection. The chapter also gives details of the entire research structure, which helps in the proper development of following chapters. 
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
In the current chapter, the researcher has gathered and critically processed an array of data for proper information development, keeping in line the research topic and its variables as the context for selecting the data topics and aspects, which makes the discussions legit and relevant. 
2.1 Concept of Social Movement
Social movements are large-scale reformative actions, which uphold idea of social refinement through identifying issues, areas of concern and acting accordingly to resolve the issues or at least improve the situations for public welfare. Social movements can be both – formal or informal in their structure and functionality. Social movement, as stated by Selvanathan and Lickel (2019), is driven by a mutual ideology, which makes it less dependent on leaders and is one of the reasons for it being informal in most cases. Social movements have a predictable graph that depicts its rise to intensity and eventual decline. In the early stage, highly motivated by the ideology and social injustice in the forefront the movements gain momentum as people, in form of supports pour in. As mentioned by Villenas (2018), although social movements are protests against legit social issues, they do not provide a proper solution all the time and after counter faced from opposing sides, it gradually loses its momentum and declines. 
2.2 Factors Leading to Social Movement
Firstly, the political nature of a place acts as a factor leading to social movements. As suggested by Evensen (2018), political framework of a sovereign place, ranging from democratic, bureaucratic and monarchy determines the possibility of a social movement-taking place. In democratic countries, the exercise of dictator power generates mass opposing and social movements. As reflected by Bewley, Graham and Peng (2018), social movements are the outcome of changing mind-set of the general populace, which is why social movements arise in society, despite noticing minimal changes in societies in certain cases. Another factor leading to social movements is biased practices, based on aspects such as race, caste, creed, gender, financial status and ethnicity, which is often observed in the society either in active or in passive forms. Lastly, legislature acts a factor leading to social movements. As assessed by Tornberg (2018), social movements take place as the gaps in legislature of a place gets evident and frequently exploited. 
2.3 Factors Influencing Social Movement
Social movements are the outcomes of collective factors laid out in specific ratios to get functional. Firstly, the support of the greater masses is a major influencing factor that affects social movements. Any social movement, as opined by Steinman (2018), starts from a small-scale event and based on the public support it gets, it gradually develops into a social movement. Secondly, social movements are assumed to require legit reasons and a context, which can be generalised on social levels, which then get public support, hinting it as an influencing factor of social movement. Thirdly, the participation of celebrities is a major factor that influences social movements as the celebrities bring in their own charisma for catering attention of huge number of people. Lastly, it has to be mentioned social media institutions, as described by Wang, Ye and Chan (2018), are also a major factor that influences social movement. The social media plays the role of broadcasting social moments in their exclusive tone of assessment, which regulates the public perception and the social movements. 
2.4 Concept of Racism
Although a malpractice, racism is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Racism or racialism, as defined by Broidy and Santoro (2018), is weaved around the narrow perspective that human being divided in races have a mutual evaluation criteria in which one race is places over another, considering the qualities and aspects in which the better scoring race is considered superior. Racism gives a person the justification to cover unethical, brutal and discriminatory actions meted out of certain people, belonging to particular races. As opined by Kuo (2018), racism stereotypes roles of certain races in the society in a rigid frame. In case, one race placed above another one, the namely superior race dominates, discriminates and abuses people from races that belong to namely lower races. 
2.5 Factors Affecting Racism
Firstly, education is major factor the not only regulates the generation of racism but also regulates the degree of eliminating racism from the society. Education, as mentioned by Gorski, (2019), gives a person a proper idea about the racial equality of every person and makes the mind-set wider, reducing the scope of racial perception development. On the contrary, in societies, where the degree of education is regionalised and in not enough in quality or quantity, the people tend to develop racial perceptions, which not only make one group of people dominate the other, the other group also develops the mentality of accepting the domination and unjust behaviours. 
Secondly, availability of monetary resources is also a passive factor of racism. As identified by Kelly and Bailey (2018), in developed country the degree of racial discrimination and oppression is less as each person from different races get enough resources to live a high standard life, where the need of racial biases are not required, unlike the developing or underdeveloped countries, which fail to act secular and gradually lead to racial biases for catering higher degree of resources. 
2.6 Impact of Social Movement on Racism
In majority of cases, the racial biases and discrimination act as the core sources of social movement and eventually impacts racism in an adverse and preventive manner. As rationalised by Selvanathan et al. (2018), the incidents that depict racial biases, brutality, domination, discrimination and violence is easily identified by a significant group of people and therefore,

Reframing discourse on race Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2 Methodology Chapter 2. Literature review Chapter 3. Institutional racism (possible option of...

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