https://www.mediafire.com/file/xu18xyfw3x9xpy9/%5BJohn_W._Santrock%5D_Educational_Psychology%28z-lib.org%29_%281%29.pdf/file My book link. Please answer the following questions in as much detail as...

Please answer the following questions in as much detail as possible. Each question is worth 25 points.

Questions

1. Contrast the behavioral view and the cognitive view of learning using key concepts introduced in chapters seven. Explain how you would use one of these views to improve your teaching.

Behavioral also known as behaviorism, is the view that should be explained by observable experiences, not by mental processes. For the behaviorist, behavior is everything that we do, both verbal and nonverbal, that can be directly seen or heard: a child creating a poster, a teacher explaining something to a child, one student picking on another student, and so on. Behaviorism focuses on behavior, and understands it from the perspective of three elements — stimulus, contingencies of reinforcement, and response. Behaviors that are reinforced increase in frequency, behaviors that are punished decrease in frequency. Learning is simply the collection of changes in behavior that result from a history of reinforcement and punishment.


The cognitive view on learning is that it involves changes in memory, and there are many different theories within the cognitive perspective about how memory is structured and about the processes involved in memory. The dominant perspective in cognitive view is that human beings “process information,” and that mental structures and processes are the building blocks of mind.

The goal is not to lift up one approach over the other. I think I could use a combination of the two approaches when appropriate to help my students. I think it’s left for the teachers to know what will work and when as they help their students to learn. But if I where to choose only one approach I will choose the cognitive view. I think it will be useful in assisting students with learning problems. For example, algorithms in mathematics provide a series of steps to solve a problem and focusing on steps can results a successful completion of the problem. In a classroom set up, I will encourage my students to actively identify the problem they are solving doing that it will develop their learning.

2. Describe at least three strategies you learned about in chapter nine for teaching students how to think. For example, how would you teach your students to be critical thinkers or creative thinkers?

The first strategy that I learned was I will help my students strategies in enhancing their performance in class or test. I can help them with understanding the meaning or terms and challenge them. The second strategy, I will teach them independence because if I help or give my students the answer to a question every time then that makes them dependent to me. They will not do well in test or quiz where a different question is asked. I’ll let them think for themselves so they will know how to improvise. The last strategy is I will encourage my students to be creative thinkers. This way they don’t have a fixed formula created to solve an issue. It will make them creative by using their own ideas and make them self confident.

3. Describe the social constructivist approach to teaching.Discuss two cooperative learning approaches to teaching.
The constructivist theory of education was developed by Lev Vygotsky, a psychologist. His theory was centered social constructivism principles. Constructivist approaches to learning assert children have their own way of thinking. Students should be treated as individuals and should have the opportunity to learn through observation, talking and group work. Students have ideas and skills that have not fully emerged but have the potential to be developed, particularly through this type of interaction with others. Constructivism also acknowledges the importance of social and cultural influences on intellectual development.

The scaffolding learning in constructivism suggest that child learns new things that they should be given lots of support. This use of constructivism in education can be done throught the use of writing, word banks, and questioning techniques. Teachers who use this learning style provide a stimuli to the students. The way in which new ideas are introduced and presented to students influences the way in which they are mastered. Instruction in scaffold learning must be structured to be grasped easily while it is presented in a way that involves children's experiences and contexts. Using this learning technique helps build on students' knowledge and willingness to learn.

The active learning in constructivism suggest that students should engaged in active learning and the teacher’s role is to assist their students. Students should have an opportunity to explore problem and build their knowledge to make adjustments and solutions. This learning means that all students are actively developing ideas. Students must be encouraged to discuss, draw, and write about their learning. They should also talk to others while actively working and not just sitting in groups.

4. Choose one of the content areas discussed in Chapter11 and apply the constructivist approach to teaching this content area (e.g., reading, math, or social studies).

I think this is between chapter 9-11