Hi,I need term paper about" Computed Tomography Lung screening". 10 pages paper with at least 10 references (APA style) Title, abstract and reference page included i.e. a current topic in CT imaging...

Abstract:
In this study the recent procedures of lung cancer screening through Computed Tomography is
discussed. In the United States most of the people die from lung cancer than any other type of
cancer. There is evidence that more than 170,000 new cases of lung cancer emerge every years in
US, leading to death of approximately 163,000 people (Jemal A., 2005). The main cause is
tobacco smoking. The high rate of mortality in lung cancer is inability to detect the lung cancer
at very early stage. The past methods for lung cancer screening, such as X-ray imaging or
sputum cytology cannot detect the small cancerous nodules at early stages. With the advent of
Computational Tomography which can detect lung cancer at very early stage, lung cancer
screening find a light of hope amidst the dark of high mortality rate due to lung cancer. Several
studies had done to improve the technology of CT so that it becomes more effective. Low dose
CT (LDCT) is one of the new approaches. LDCT uses lower radiation exposure dose, and it is
able to continuously acquire data in a shorter scanning time. Several trial researches
demonstrated that LDCT screening can detect lung cancer at very early stage and more effective
in reduction of mortality rate of lung cancer incidents. Many of us have read in the news about
low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening to detect lung cancer. Recent research from the
National Cancer Institute National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) found that low-dose CT
can reduce mortality by 20 percent in compared to X-ray imaging of chest. This is a promising
method for detecting lung cancer in highest risk individuals, who have not yet shown symptoms.
However, there are several questions about its effectiveness or who should get screened with this
procedure etc. The American Lung Association had proposed guidelines to the help physicians,
and their patients and the public in their discussions about lung cancer screening.
Introduction:
Lung cancer which occurs in a higher percentage of people is the main cause of cancer-related
mortality in the world (Parkin D.M., 1999). It was estimated that most of the people suffers from
lung cancer than other cancers. There is evidence that more than 170,000 new cases of lung
cancer emerge every years in US, leading to death of approximately 163,000 people (Jemal A.,
2005). Other country also reveals a higher percentage of lung cancer cases in every year. The
main reason for lung cancer related lethality is that delayed diagnoses of the disease, most of the
people remain unaware until their malignancy has grown beyond cure. On other side, early
diagnosis can increase the survival rate up to 5- year for stage I disease (Shah R.19996).
Factors causing lung cancer and why and who need to do screening:
Tobacco use is the most major risk f actor for lung cancer as well as for many other cancers
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013; Smoking and Health: Report of the
Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, 2013]. Cigarette
smoking is the primary and major cause of lung cancer. Approximately 90% males and 78 %
females are affected with lung cancer due to tobacco smoking. Environmental or indirect
(inhalation of smoke) tobacco smoke (passive smoker) also can cause lung cancer [Hackshaw
AK, Law MR, Wald NJ, 1997]. Carcinogenic compounds present in tobacco smoke include the
benzo[a]pyrene polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the nicotine-derived tobacco-
specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Experimental
evidence suggests that in rodents, application of total doses of both PAH and NNK which are
equivalent to doses received by humans in a lifetime of smoking induce pulmonary tumors
[Cinciripini PM, Hecht SS, Henningfield JE, et al., 1997]. Other casual factors, besides smoking
include regular exposures to metallic agents such as arsenic, asbestos, nickel, chromium, and
radon. [Alberg AJ, Samet JM, 2003] can lead to lung cancer.
The peak of incidence of cancer development is between 70 and 80 years-old. The Society of
Thoracic Radiology recommends screening subjects between 50 and 80 years in research
settings.
Imaging of lung for cancer screening:
In Earlier days, lung cancer screening was dependent on randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
involving chest radiographs and sputum cytology , but these screening could not detect the early
stages of cancer and results showed that CXR screening was not able to alleviate the number of
advanced lung cancers or to decline the lung cancer related deaths. In the mid 1970s Computed
tomography (CT) has been introduced in clinical process of lung cancer screening. But it wasn’t
much effective until low dose screening became available. Renewed enthusiasm for lung
screening arose with the introduction of low dose computed tomography imaging (LDCT),
which can identify smaller nodules at very early stage, than chest radiographs.
Procedures:
CT lung screening is a painless, noninvasive procedure that can screen the lung cancer within 30
seconds. It uses low-dose x-rays to screen the lungs.
Computed Tomography (CT)
produces 2-D and 3-D cross-sectional
images of an object from flat X-ray
images. CT image can...