Hi,
Please read the uploaded file properly and the project needs to be based on Australian indigenous communities. Moreover, the reference needs to be in APA style whenever you guys are giving evidence to support your sub topic there need to be in-textcitations, . It's my humble request I don't have enough time left with me to submit this assignment. If you guys wanted to know more about Murdoch referencing go through this like and sources need to be from Murdoch university, and even please find an example file for reference.
COD 502 ASSIGNMENT CASE STUDY OF AN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ROCK- HOLE LONG PIPE PROJECT This case study is based on the information and understanding of rock-holes in the Gwaler Ranges situated in South Australia. The project focuses on Aboriginal community development which focuses on ecological importance of rock-holes in the lives of Aboriginal people, in the arid regions, through Indigenous Land Use Agreement and making Indigenous people access to water, land and culture. Water plays an important role in occupation and settlement. For Aboriginal people living in the dry regions across South Australia, gnamma played a crucial role in supplying water and many other resources. Rock-holes have an important role in Aboriginal people’s life often associated with ceremonies and social life. Gnamma, is known as rock-hole in aboriginal language, they are pools or holes which can restrain water, they are most commonly found in granite domes covering whole of Australia. The word ‘gnamma’ is of Aboriginal origin and comes from the Western Desert group of languages that are spoken over a large proportion of the arid areas that extend from South Australia into the Northern Territory and Western Australia (Bayley 1997; Bindon 1997). The location of gnamma in the Gawler Ranges is examined for cultural and ecological significance. This Indigenous development project is financially supported by South Australian Native Title Unit and South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board. The main objective of this project is purely ecological role which involves Aboriginal people to visit ‘gnamma’ or rock-holes in the Gwaler Ranger to discover which one is notable and significant in the dry landscape which is set on by the time span of water in gnamma and the plants and animals correlated with them. “Governments across Australia are in the early stage of formally recognizing Aboriginal relationships with water for spiritual, cultural and economic purposes. This is reflected in the National Water Initiative (NWI) where Indigenous representation is needed in water planning and for all states and territories to reassess the way in which they, through policy, legislation and programs, provide Aboriginal access to water” (Simpson 2008, pp 5). The initial stage of the project will begin with a conceptual diagram which specifies the processes that can regulate the ecological purpose of the ‘gnamma’ or rock-holes in the area. The analysis of gnamma in the Gwaler region were used to study and to expand in other NRM areas. The field people let many anthropologists, land owners, ecologists and Aboriginal people meet and discuss about rock-holes. It provided an overview of what type of holes that exits and what type of landscape they were located to the ecologists. Rock-holes were significant as they were marked on cadastral maps, surveyor diagrams when both pastoralists and explorers were first visiting different areas of the state. Grouping of these rock-holes were crucial for prioritizing management and focusing on field investigation. The outcomes of this project are participating Aboriginal people, NRM Board, SAAL, and DWLBC with the water management authorities in the dry landscape of South Australia. Through the Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) again engaging the Indigenous people to gain and access to water, land and their culture. By this project there is proper documentation, distribution and know the current condition of ‘gnamma’ water resources in Gawler ranges. There is an expansion of conceptual diagram of the process and purpose of rock holes. The first step of the ecological part of the project was to evaluate physical and biological form of the rock-holes to understand and consider the processes, the function and ecological significance. The ‘gnamma’ or rock-holes usually exists as holes on the exterior surface of outcrops and granite domes. Granite islands are well-known topography feature in the Gwaler regions. A rock-hole or gnamma, is the product of chemical weathering produced by water (Bayly, 1999).The routes of Aboriginal were mostly ruled by the existence and scattering of rock holes with tracks seen from many regions. The topography and water supplies in the western portion of South Australia determined the direction and position of Aboriginal routes (Harvey Johnston, 1941). These rock holes were treated as a good resource of water which can last for a very long time even months, and they were used by the Aboriginal people for travelling needs as ephemeral sources. The more significant water supplies plays a crucial role in the social life and ceremonial functions in the life of Aboriginal people. In Aboriginal law and ceremony, the granite domes are crucial, which indicates ancestral movement over the landscape. The granite outcrops where these ‘gnamma’ exits, it provides water supply and more over it facilitate a variety of resources. The soil around granite outcrops favor in the growth of medicinal plants like Rock Isotome and edible plants like Warrain Yam. Various plants like the quandong favor the rim of granite outcrops where run-off is concentrated and will attract birds like emus that forage for the fruit (Bindon, 1997). The plants that grows near granite outcrops attract reptiles and macropods that serves as a major diet for Aboriginal people. Rock-holes contain plants growing on the sediment at the bottom of the hole either when inundated or upon drying. Rock-holes on Western Australian outcrops comprise of quillworts (Isoetes, Isoetaceae), mudmats (Glossostigma, Scrophulariaceae), milfoils (Myriophyllum, Haloragaceae) and crassulas (Crassulaceae) (Hopper et al, 1997). There are many techniques that the Aboriginal uses for trapping and securing food at the rock holes. Many big rocks are used to cover the hole as a lid, which prevents the animals from drinking and helps to slow down the evaporation process. For trapping lizards, rocks were laid down so that there is a growth in lizard habitat, which makes the people easier to catch them. Since water availability is low in dry region, the quality of the water is ensured by the indigenous people by putting sticks into the ‘gnamma’ or rock-holes that allows the reptiles and small animals, birds to escape and stopping them from dying in the water holes, which makes it undrinkable. The projects involves the people of Gawler ranges areas that comprises Wirangu people, Barngarla and the Kokatha people. The project helps to gain the knowledge and understanding of the ecological importance of ‘gnamma’ in the dry arid regions from the Aboriginal people of the Gawler Ranges. Another strength of this project is the understanding the cultural significance of rock-hole management and the engagement of Indigenous people for future approaches. The rock-holes are used by the mammals and birds for water, and significantly lower the use of rock-holes. Therefore, the project also discusses the threat caused by these birds and mammals to the rock-holes and outcrops. Aquatic and terrestrial animals are closely linked with ‘gnamma’ or rock-holes. Some of the terrestrial animals live their life cycles depending directly for the water in the rain-filled pools. Terrestrial animals are not restricted to granite outcrops but the number of animals recorded at outcrops suggests that they are an important seasonal resource for many animals or as temporary refuge for the fauna of the surrounding habitat (Withers and Edward, 1997). This Indigenous development project addressed various issues and challenges faced by Aboriginal people of Gwaler Ranges. Many issues were raised due to the lack of surface water, pastoralism was not developed. But today, pastoralism mostly accesses water from granite outcrop and bore water, which created an opportunity for both Indigenous people and pastoralists to work together thereby maintaining these culturally important water resources. The project helped to map and determine the current condition and state of ‘gnamma’ or the rock-holes over the whole region and the proper management of ecological and cultural sites. The project also helped to meet the needs of SAAL Board that is a manual of rock-hole cleaning along with booklet that contains pictorial education about rock-holes and their corresponding stories. Through this developmental project there is a solid information of larger and permanent rock-holes that exits over the landscape, and the awareness of prioritizing rock-hole visits which is ecologically important and equally plays a significant role in the lives of Aboriginal people. REFERENCES Bayly IAE, 1997, ‘Invertebrates of temporary water in gnamma on granite outcrops in Western Australia’, in Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 80, pp. 167-172 Bayly IAE, 1999, Rock of Ages: human use and natural history of Australian granites, University of Western Australian Press, Nedlands Campbell EM, 1997, ‘Granite Landforms’, in Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 80, pp. 101-112 g, Report to the Department for Environment & Heritage Ehmann H, 2005, South Australian Rangelands and Aboriginal Lands Wildlife Management Manual: a resource handbook, Department of Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation, Adelaide Harvey Johnston T, 1941, ‘Some Aboriginal Routes’, in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch), Vol XL11, pp. 33- 65 Harvey Johnston T, 1941, ‘Some Aboriginal Routes’, in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch), Vol XL11, pp. 33- 65 Hopper SD, Brown AP and Marchant NG, 1997, ‘Plants of Western Australian granite outcrops’, in Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 80, pp. 141-158 Jocqué M, Timms BV and Brendonck L, 2007, ‘A contribution on the biodiversity and conservation of the freshwater fauna of rocky outcrops in the central Wheatbelt of Western Australia’, in Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 90, pp. 137-142 Lethbridge MR, 2004, The Survey of the Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby in the Gawler Ranges and Recommendations for further Monitorin Main BY, 1997, ‘Granite Outcrops: A collective ecosystem’, in Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 80, pp. 113-122 Pinder AM, Halse SA, Sheil RJ and McRae JM, 2000, ‘Granite outcrops in south-western Australia: a foci of diversification and refugia for aquatic invertebrates’, in Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 83, pp. 149-161 Robinson AC, Casperson KD, Canty PD and Macdonald CA, 1988, ‘A biological survey of the Gawler Ranges South Australia in October 1985’, National Parks and Wildlife Service Department of Environment and Planning, South Australian Museum Department for the Arts, South Australia Scholz G and Fee B, 2008, A Framework for Identification of Wetland Condition Indicators: A National Trial – South Australia, Project DEP19, Government of South Australia, through Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, Adelaide Simpson V, 2008, Aboriginal Access to Water Across Australia, prepared for the Department of Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation by Rural Solutions SA, August 2008. Talbot HWB, 1912, ‘Geological investigations in part of the North Coolgardie and East Murchison goldfields’, in Geological Survey of Western Australia, Bulletin 45, Perth Timms BV, 2006, ‘The large branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of gnammas (rock holes) in Australia, in Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 89: 163-173 Withers PC and Edward DH