Hi in this you need to read the topic Daoism from the Encylcopedia that i have attached here and also i have attached the instructions so please go through after reading the Daoism topic from encylcopedia. the topic is from page number 2176 to 2192
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F RELIGION S E C O N D E D I T I O N EOR2.tpgsV4 11/10/04 10:42 AM Page 1 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F RELIGION S E C O N D E D I T I O N LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF 4 DACIAN RIDERS • ESTHER EOR2.tpgsV4 11/10/04 10:42 AM Page 3 Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, Star Logo and Macmillan Reference USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license. For more information, contact Macmillan Reference USA An imprint of Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. 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PAPER) — ISBN 0-02-865734-9 (V. 1) — ISBN 0-02-865735-7 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-02-865736-5 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-02-865737-3 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-02-865738-1 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-02-865739-X (v. 6) — ISBN 0-02-865740-3 (v. 7) — ISBN 0-02-865741-1 (v. 8) — ISBN 0-02-865742-X (v. 9) — ISBN 0-02-865743-8 (v. 10) — ISBN 0-02-865980-5 (v. 11) — ISBN 0-02-865981-3 (v. 12) — ISBN 0-02-865982-1 (v. 13) — ISBN 0-02-865983-X (v. 14) — ISBN 0-02-865984-8 (v. 15) 1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY, 1954- BL31.E46 2005 200’.3—dc22 2004017052 eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page iv v E D I T O R S A N D C O N S U L T A N T S EDITOR IN CHIEF LINDSAY JONES Associate Professor, Department of Comparative Studies, Ohio State University BOARD MEMBERS DAVÍD CARRASCO Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of Latin America, Divinity School and Department of Anthropology, Harvard University GIOVANNI CASADIO Professor of History of Religions, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi di Salerno WENDY DONIGER Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Religions, University of Chicago GARY L. EBERSOLE Professor of History and Religious Studies, and Director, UMKC Center for Religious Studies, University of Missouri—Kansas City JANET GYATSO Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies, The Divinity School, Harvard University CHARLES HALLISEY Associate Professor, Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Program in Religious Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison CHARLES H. LONG Professor of History of Religions, Emeritus, and Former Director of Research Center for Black Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara MARY N. MACDONALD Professor, History of Religions, Le Moyne College (Syracuse, New York) DALE B. MARTIN Professor of Religious Studies, and Chair, Department of Religious Studies, Yale University AZIM NANJI Professor and Director, The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London JACOB OLUPONA Professor, African American and African Studies Program, University of California, Davis MICHAEL SWARTZ Professor of Hebrew and Religious Studies, Ohio State University INÉS TALAMANTEZ Associate Professor, Religious Studies Department, University of California, Santa Barbara CONSULTANTS GREGORY D. ALLES Associate Professor of Religious Studies, McDaniel College Study of Religion SIGMA ANKRAVA Professor, Department of Literary and Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, University of Latvia Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion DIANE APOSTOLOS-CAPPADONA Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding and Liberal Studies Program, Georgetown University Art and Religion DIANE BELL Professor of Anthropology and Women’s Studies, George Washington University Australian Indigenous Religions KEES W. BOLLE Professor Emeritus of History, University of California, Los Angeles, and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences History of Religions MARK CSIKSZENTMIHALYI Associate Professor in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literature and the Program in Religious Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison Chinese Religions RICHARD A. GARDNER Faculty of Comparative Culture, Sophia University Humor and Religion JOHN A. GRIM Professor of Religion, Bucknell University and Co-Coordinator, eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page v Harvard Forum on Religion and Ecology Ecology and Religion JOSEPH HARRIS Francis Lee Higginson Professor of English Literature and Professor of Folklore, Harvard University Germanic Religions URSULA KING Professor Emerita, Senior Research Fellow and Associate Member of the Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Bristol, England, and Professorial Research Associate, Centre for Gender and Religions Research, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Gender and Religion DAVID MORGAN Duesenberg Professor of Christianity and the Arts, and Professor of Humanities and Art History, Valparaiso University Color Inserts and Essays JOSEPH F. NAGY Professor, Department of English, University of California, Los Angeles Celtic Religion MATTHEW OJO Obafemi Awolowo University African Religions JUHA PENTIKÄINEN Professor of Comparative Religion, The University of Helsinki, Member of Academia Scientiarum Fennica, Finland Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions TED PETERS Professor of Systematic Theology, Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences at the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California Science and Religion FRANK E. REYNOLDS Professor of the History of Religions and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity School and the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Emeritus, University of Chicago History of Religions GONZALO RUBIO Assistant Professor, Department of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies and Department of History and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania State University Ancient Near Eastern Religions SUSAN SERED Director of Research, Religion, Health and Healing Initiative, Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard University, and Senior Research Associate, Center for Women’s Health and Human Rights, Suffolk University Healing, Medicine, and Religion LAWRENCE E. SULLIVAN Professor, Department of Theology, University of Notre Dame History of Religions WINNIFRED FALLERS SULLIVAN Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer in the Anthropology and Sociology of Religion, University of Chicago Law and Religion TOD SWANSON Associate Professor of Religious Studies, and Director, Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University South American Religions MARY EVELYN TUCKER Professor of Religion, Bucknell University, Founder and Coordinator, Harvard Forum on Religion and Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard Yenching Institute, Research Associate, Harvard Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies Ecology and Religion HUGH B. URBAN Associate Professor, Department of Comparative Studies, Ohio State University Politics and Religion CATHERINE WESSINGER Professor of the History of Religions and Women’s Studies, Loyola University New Orleans New Religious Movements ROBERT A. YELLE Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Toronto Law and Religion ERIC ZIOLKOWSKI Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious Studies, Lafayette College Literature and Religion vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page vi vii A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D S Y M B O L S U S E D I N T H I S W O R K abbr. abbreviated; abbreviation abr. abridged; abridgment AD anno Domini, in the year of the (our) Lord Afrik. Afrikaans AH anno Hegirae, in the year of the Hijrah Akk. Akkadian Ala. Alabama Alb. Albanian Am. Amos AM ante meridiem, before noon amend. amended; amendment annot. annotated; annotation Ap. Apocalypse Apn. Apocryphon app. appendix Arab. Arabic EArakh. EArakhin Aram. Aramaic Ariz. Arizona Ark. Arkansas Arm. Armenian art. article (pl., arts.) AS Anglo-Saxon Asm. Mos. Assumption of Moses Assyr. Assyrian A.S.S.R. Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Av. Avestan EA.Z. EAvodah zarah b. born Bab. Babylonian Ban. Bantu 1 Bar. 1 Baruch 2 Bar. 2 Baruch 3 Bar. 3 Baruch 4 Bar. 4 Baruch B.B. BavaD batraD BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BC before Christ BCE before the common era B.D. Bachelor of Divinity Beits. Beitsah Bekh. Bekhorot Beng. Bengali Ber. Berakhot Berb. Berber Bik. Bikkurim bk. book (pl., bks.) B.M. BavaD metsi EaD BP before the present B.Q. BavaD qammaD Brāh. Brāhman. a Bret. Breton B.T. Babylonian Talmud Bulg. Bulgarian Burm. Burmese c. circa, about, approximately Calif. California Can. Canaanite Catal. Catalan CE of the common era Celt. Celtic cf. confer, compare Chald. Chaldean chap. chapter (pl., chaps.) Chin. Chinese C.H.M. Community of the Holy Myrrhbearers 1 Chr. 1 Chronicles 2 Chr. 2 Chronicles Ch. Slav. Church Slavic cm centimeters col. column (pl., cols.) Col. Colossians Colo. Colorado comp. compiler (pl., comps.) Conn. Connecticut cont. continued Copt. Coptic 1 Cor. 1 Corinthians 2 Cor. 2 Corinthians corr. corrected C.S.P. Congregatio Sancti Pauli, Congregation of Saint Paul (Paulists) d. died D Deuteronomic (source of the Pentateuch) Dan. Danish D.B. Divinitatis Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Divinity D.C. District of Columbia D.D. Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of Divinity Del. Delaware Dem. DemaDi dim. diminutive diss. dissertation Dn. Daniel D.Phil. Doctor of