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MIET2515 Thermal Fluid System Design - Assignment B This assignment is worth 30% of the assessment for MIET2515 Assignment setting: A community on a small island in Fiji has a permanent population of 80 residents and on average tourist population of 100 people. The daily electrical energy demand for this island community is provided in the attached excel file. At present the community uses diesel generator for electric power supply. The island is 3 km wide and 6km long with a hill at the centre of the island and the community is close to the beach. The local council of this island community have hired an engineering consulting company to design a Solar Photovoltaic (Solar PV) power plant for this island community. Being an isolated island community one of the focus is to consider using locally available material for this project. Although some specialist equipment such as Solar PV panels, controllers and so on must be brought in from the other parts of the world. After the initial high-level review of the project by the senior engineering team it has been identified that the Solar PV system will need energy storage to be able to support the demand. The senior engineering team has decided to explore two options of energy storage, first conventional chemical batteries and second pumped hydro storage. You work as a junior engineer in this company. And your team leader (senior engineer) has given you the task to develop preliminary design of the Solar PV coupled with pumped hydro storage power supply system. In the initial project briefing your project leader has provided you list of steps that you can follow to complete this task. Pumped Hydro will operate such that, during the day excess (surplus) electric energy from Solar Panel will be utilized for pumping water from the sea to the upper reservoir located at the top of a small hill on the island and when the solar energy is not sufficient the water from the upper reservoir will be passed through a hydro turbine-generator to produce electrical power to support the demand. (Assume electrical power transmission losses to me negligible). Charging and discharging of hydro storage: Potential site for the pumped hydro system has been identified through a preliminary geological study of the island. This study has also recommended the piping layout for the pumping and hydro lines. It has been suggested to consider two separate pipelines for the charging and discharging of the hydro storage. Such pipelines are also referred to as penstock. Figure: This is only a representative illustration of the possible pumped hydro (not to the scale) All design activities start with literature review to develop better understanding of the existing technologies and state of the art. This also helps with preparing introduction part of the design report. Following steps have been proposed to help you guide through the task of developing the preliminary design of solar PV pumped hydro system. 1. Write brief introduction of the project and based on the literature review of pumped hydro energy storage technology inform the reader about its advantages and limitations. (limit: 500 words). (10 Marks) Here are some references, provide minimum 4 references. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988319301781 (Links to an external site.) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261916309874 (Links to an external site.) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/pumped-storage-hydroelectricity (Links to an external site.) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/pumped-hydro-plant (Links to an external site.) 2. Demand and supply analysis and minimum penstock pipe diameter selection (10 Marks) First compare the electrical power demand and solar energy availability. The new Solar PV panels to be used are of polycrystalline type. Each solar PV panel can produce electrical power with an energy conversation efficiency of 15%. Use this information to estimate the minimum surface area of solar panel required to support the daily energy demand. From the demand profile excel file estimate the electrical power under supply and over supply during the day. In the following steps use the peak value of electrical power under supply (kW) to design the Francis turbine and the peak value of electrical power over supply (kW) to design the centrifugal pump impeller. It is advised to use PVC pressure pipes series 1 (refer to Australian standards AS/NZ-1477) for the penstock. Normally, PVC pipe come in 6m lengths (this information is provided to assist with discussion). The velocity of the water in the hydro turbine penstock line should be limited to 1.5m/s. While the velocity of the water in the pump penstock line should be limited to 7 m/s. Note: A is the last digit of your student number and B is the second last digit of your student number. The gross available head is (40 + 0.4*A + 0.1*B) m and the length of the hydro turbine penstock line (pipeline) is (77.4 + 0.34*A) m and that for the pumping line penstock is 2 meters longer than the turbine line penstock. This is due to the fact that the pump will be installed below the water level to eliminate any need for priming. There are number of bends and fittings in the penstock. For the Hydro turbine penstock, the sum of all their K factors is (5.8 + 0.02*A + 0.01*B) and assume that the velocity at the end of the draft tube is negligible. And for the Pump penstock, the sum of all their K factors is (5.8 + 0.02*A ̶0.01*B). Using the above information and the turbine and pump performance parameters provide in section 3 and 4 estimate the minimum diameter of the penstock pipe for both charging pipeline (pump penstock) and discharging pipeline (hydro turbine penstock). And select a suitable standard pipe size (in metric) for the penstocks series 1 (PVC pressure pipes AS/NZ-1477). Also assume that PVC pipe is smooth, so the roughness is zero. 3. Turbine design (35 Marks) It is advised to use Francis turbine coupled with electric generator (turbo-generator unit) to convert energy from fluid to electrical energy. You are expected to design the turbine with a power output capacity to supply for the maximum power demand for your own demand profile. For the Francis turbine, Speed ratio = 0.60 + 0.005*A (where A is the last digit of your student number). Flow ratio = 0.25 - 0.01*A (where A is the last digit of your student number). You are expected to design the Francis turbine for the best efficiency point, i.e. at the designed condition we assume the turbine has 100% hydraulic efficiency. For this the assumptions are smooth entry of fluid into the turbine, zero fluid frictional energy losses within the turbine and the guide vanes. Design the Francis turbine capable of producing enough mechanical power to support the peak electrical power under supply. Assume that the whirl velocity at the outlet is zero. Further to prevent the back-flow, it is recommended that the outlet flow velocity be 110% of the inlet flow velocity. Mechanical efficiency of this Francis turbine is expected to be minimum (90 - 0.3*A) % (where A is the last digit of your student number). Further assume that the generator efficiency is (90 + 0.2*A) % and this remains constant for the entire range of the power output. For the purpose of this design exercise, assume that the turbine rotates at 1500 rpm and is directly coupled with the electrical generator with 2-pole pairs to achieve 50Hz frequency of the output electrical power. Develop and present inlet and outlet velocity triangle for the best efficiency design, this includes estimating the values of all the velocity components and angles and draw velocity triangle diagrams for inlet and outlet. Estimate the dimensions of the Francis turbine, i.e. inlet and outlet blade angle, diameters and inlet height (width B). Note: The turbine will be designed for peak electrical power under supply condition. While during real operation, the turbine will have to operate at part load. Now use the Francis turbine that you have designed in the earlier point (i.e. use the turbine geometry such as inlet and outlet blade angles, diameter and the inlet flow area) to estimate the performance under part load conditions (i.e. for every hour when turbine needs to run). Estimate the required flow rate (m3/s and kg/s), flow velocity (m/s), guide vane angle (in degrees), inlet whirl velocity (m/s), hydraulic efficiency (%) and overall efficiency (%) at varying electrical power under supply for every hour (i.e. part load). For part load operation assume that the mechanical and electrical generator efficiency remains constant for the entire range of operation. Note that the turbine geometry cannot be changed during the operation, i.e. inlet and outlet blade angle, diameters and inlet height (width B). Present all the hourly values (Part load) in a tabular format. And at least one sample calculation for every parameter that you determine. Hint: For part load performance estimation you will have to do multiple iterations, so it will help to use excel. In the first iteration assume the hydraulic efficiency of 100% to get the flow rate and rest of the parameters, while keeping geometry and rotational speed constant at 1500 rpm. In the following iterations use the actual hydraulic efficiency values that you get from first iteration to get the new flow rate and rest of the parameters, while keeping geometry and rotational speed (1500 rpm) constant. Continue the iteration, until the value of hydraulic efficiency (in %) converges to second decimal. Now estimate the total volume (in m3) of water that should be stored in the upper reservoir to meet the daily electrical energy under supply. (This volume of storage may change following the pump impeller design and reassessment of the solar PV panel size). 4. Pump impeller design (35 Marks) Pump will be installed next to the turbine unit at the bottom of the hill. Centrifugal pump will be used for pumping the water from the sea to the upper reservoir during the period when excess electrical power is available. It is important to carefully consider the total volume of water that should be pumped to the upper reservoir. (Note: This is a complex task of matching the under supply and the size of the solar PV panels and performance of Hydro turbine and Pump). Hint: Sizing of the total area of solar PV panels will have to be done in multiple iterations. Variety of centrifugal pumps are available commercially, but for the purpose of this assignment you are expected to design a centrifugal pump impeller. Assume that the water enters the centrifugal pump axially at the inlet with zero whirl. And the inlet and outlet flow velocities are equal. The inlet diameter of the impeller is (210 + 0.1*B) mm (here B is the second last digit of your student number) and the slip factor is 1. The outer diameter of the impeller is twice the inlet diameter. Electric motor that drives the pump has motor electric efficiency (ratio of shaft power output to electrical power input) of (80 + 0.1*B) % (here B is the second last digit of your student number) over a wide range of rotational speed. Use rotational speed of 1500 rpm for the design of the pump impeller. Initially assume that the pump has manometric efficiency of (77 + 0.1*B) %