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SOCI 110 Introductory Sociology I SOCI 110 Introductory Sociology I Week 2-3: Socialization Dr. Ataman Avdan Summer 2020 Columbia College, Vancouver Culture and Society Culture: the beliefs, artifacts, behaviours, ways of life that a social group shares Two opposing tendencies: 1. constrains, restricts, habitualize, fix through rules or norms 2. produces innovative and diverse solutions to problems Society: a group that interacts within a common bounded territory or region Social structures, processes, and organizations Characteristics of Culture 1. Culture is learned almost every human behaviour is learned through socialization 2. Culture is innovative Cultural differences Represents different solutions to real life problems Through cultural innovations, humans adapt to the environment. 3. Culture is restraining. Cultures have the capacity to restrain the changes Elements of Culture Values and beliefs Norms Symbols and language Material objects Values and Beliefs Values: a culture’s standard for discerning desirable states in society (what is true, good, just, or beautiful) Beliefs: the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Abstract, collective ideas Examples? Values portray an ideal culture: the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. Real culture: the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists. Examples? Ideal culture vs real culture Norms The visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured An accepted way of doing things Expected behaviours Formal norms: established, written rules (specific and enforced) Informal norms: casual behaviours that are generally and widely conformed to Mores: norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group (serious punishment) Folkways: Norms without any moral underpinnings, based on social preferences, day-to-day practices (usually no punishment) Taboos: actions which are strongly forbidden by deeply held sacred or moral beliefs. The relationship between norms and values Each norm is a behavioral manifestation of a cultural values. Values (collective ideas about what is good and moral) guide norms (socially expected behaviours) Examples??? Symbols and Language Symbols: gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words Tangible marks that stand in for or represent something else Language: a symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: people experience their world through language, therefore they understand the world through the culture embedded in their language. Language shapes our experience of the world. Material objects Material culture: the artifacts, technologies, and products of a group of people Material and nonmaterial aspects of culture are linked. Objects represent norms and values; reflect symbols and language Activity: Yekcoh ritual among Snaidanac Read the article posted on CAMS (and emailed to you) Go to CAMS discussion forum Identity norms, values, symbols, and material objects of this culture Cultural Differences What are some examples of cultural differences? Culture shock: an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life. How to “react”? 1. Ethnocentrism: evaluating or judging another culture based on how it compares to one’s own cultural norms May lead to disdain or dislike for other cultures, causing misunderstanding and conflict 2. Cultural relativism: practise of assessing a culture by its own standards rather viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture Requires an open mind, and a willingness to consider, and even adapt to, new values and norms Not every practice can be regarded as culturally relative. Some cultural traditions can be oppressive and reflect power imbalances they can be criticized and corrected. Culture as Innovation Innovations: new objects, ideas, or ways of being introduced to culture for the first time Popular culture: the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society Examples? High culture: a form of cultural experience characterized by formal complexity, eternal values, or intrinsic authenticity Greek classics, classical music, ballet, opera, classical literature A symbol of distinction and maintaining status and power distinctions Cultural capital: the knowledge, skills, tastes, mannerisms, speaking style, posture, material possessions that a person acquires from his/her family background Dominant culture: group is able to impose values, beliefs, and behaviours on a given society due to its political and economic power. Subculture: a smaller cultural group within a larger culture No problem with the larger culture Counterculture: a type of subculture that explicitly rejects the larger culture’s norms and values Socialization The process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society A life long learning process Occurs as people engage and disengage in a series of roles throughout life Role: the behaviour expected of a person who occupies a particular position. Examples? “Self” Self: a person’s distinct sense of identity George Herbert Mead: “The self, as that which can be an object to itself, is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience.” Ability to be reflexive or self-aware “it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of a social experience.” Theories of Self Development 1. Sigmund Freud Personality and sexual development The pleasure principle: internal, instinctual drives for gratification The reality principle: the rules and regulations of society A tricky negotiation between the two 2. Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass Self Self: constructed in part by our perception of others view us. We base our image on what we think other people see. We imagine how we appear to others, and act based on that speculation. 3. George Herbert Mead: the “I” and the “Me” Two components or phases of the self-reflective self. “Me” the part of the self that recognizes the organized set of attitudes of others toward the self “I” the part of the self that responds to the organized attitudes of others The self mediates between one’s own individual actions an individual responses to various social situations Four stages of child socialization (Mead) 1. Preparatory stage: a child imitates the people around them (without associating their action with a certain role) 2. Play stage: a child takes on roles that another person might have (acting out “grownup” behaviour) Significant others: parents, siblings play significant roles in early socialization 3. Game stage: a child learns the differences between roles, learns to consider several specific roles at the same time and how those roles interact with each other. 4. The generalized other stage: children learn to see themselves from the perspective of others. Generalized other: the common behavioural expectations of general society An individual is able to internalize how s/he is viewed Watch: https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/genie-secret-wild-child/ In your small group discuss the Mead’s theory of child socialization in the case of Genie. No need to read pages 221-226 Gender socialization Learning and internalizing the norms, values, symbols, material objects associated with one’s gender Gender: a social construct more than an individual’s identity and personality but it also refers, at the symbolic level, to cultural ideals and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity , at the structural level, to the sexual division of labour in institutions and organizations. Gender socialization: starts at a very early age, even as a baby, girls and boys are socialized differently. Differences in behaviour are not related to biology, but a function of socialization How movies teach manhood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueOqYebVhtc Name a movie you have watched this year. Describe the roles of the main male and female characters. What is the movie you chose teaching us about feminine and masculine attitudes? What are the roles of women and men? How are they different? (think about appearance, values, and behaviour) According to the video, how are the characters seen in action movies shaping children’s social roles and behavior? Do you agree or disagree with the video’s statement? Agents of Socialization Social group agents: Family, peer groups Institutional agents: School, the workplace, religion, government, mass media Group activity: 7 groups. Each group will discuss the importance of an agent (you can use your e-textbook) Resocialization The process by which old behaviours are removed and new behaviours are learned in their place People have to unlearn behaviours that have become customary to them Voluntary resocialization. Examples? Involuntary resocialization. Examples? Total institution: An institution in which members are required to live in isolation from the rest of society. Prisons, mental hospitals, military Degradation ceremony: the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identity and are given new ones. Can be gentle (senior care homes, some religious cults) Or extreme prisons, military, mental hospitals Intro: Full Metal Jacket: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt6Te7KgSR4 Anticipatory socialization The preparation for a future role in life. Examples?