Hey there,
Thanks for your fantastic efforts.
Here is a brief explaining how I want my homework to be done. I would like each document to be named as each problem sets I have and Labs I have. Lab 2 and 3 have links that need to be checked. I have them on pdf forms nice and clear. Problem sets required the book only that I will be providing as well.
Thank you very much for your effort. I truly appreciated
0132762552.pdf ptg ptg This page intentionally left blank ptg Algorithms FOURTH EDITION ptg This page intentionally left blank ptg Algorithms Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne Princeton University FOURTH EDITION Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City ptg Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or im- plied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419
[email protected] For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales
[email protected] Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 671-3447 ISBN-13: 978-0-321-57351-3 ISBN-10: 0-321-57351-X Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Westford, Massachusetts. First printing, March 2011 ptg ______________________________ To Adam, Andrew, Brett, Robbie and especially Linda ______________________________ ___________________ To Jackie and Alex ___________________ ptg vi Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii 1 Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1.1 Basic Programming Model 8 1.2 Data Abstraction 64 1.3 Bags, Queues, and Stacks 120 1.4 Analysis of Algorithms 172 1.5 Case Study: Union-Find 216 2 Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 2.1 Elementary Sorts 244 2.2 Mergesort 270 2.3 Quicksort 288 2.4 Priority Queues 308 2.5 Applications 336 3 Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 3.1 Symbol Tables 362 3.2 Binary Search Trees 396 3.3 Balanced Search Trees 424 3.4 Hash Tables 458 3.5 Applications 486 CONTENTS ptg vii 4 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 4.1 Undirected Graphs 518 4.2 Directed Graphs 566 4.3 Minimum Spanning Trees 604 4.4 Shortest Paths 638 5 Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 5.1 String Sorts 702 5.2 Tries 730 5.3 Substring Search 758 5.4 Regular Expressions 788 5.5 Data Compression 810 6 Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 ptg viii This book is intended to survey the most important computer algorithms in use today, and to teach fundamental techniques to the growing number of people in need of knowing them. It is intended for use as a textbook for a second course in computer science, after students have acquired basic programming skills and familiarity with computer systems. The book also may be useful for self-study or as a reference for people engaged in the development of computer systems or applications programs, since it contains implemen- tations of useful algorithms and detailed information on performance characteristics and clients. The broad perspective taken makes the book an appropriate introduction to the field. the study of algorithms and data structures is fundamental to any computer- science curriculum, but it is not just for programmers and computer-science students. Every- one who uses a computer wants it to run faster or to solve larger problems. The algorithms in this book represent a body of knowledge developed over the last 50 years that has become indispensable. From N-body simulation problems in physics to genetic-sequencing problems in molecular biology, the basic methods described here have become essential in scientific research; from architectural modeling systems to aircraft simulation, they have become es- sential tools in engineering; and from database systems to internet search engines, they have become essential parts of modern software systems. And these are but a few examples—as the scope of computer applications continues to grow, so grows the impact of the basic methods covered here. Before developing our fundamental approach to studying algorithms, we develop data types for stacks, queues, and other low-level abstractions that we use throughout the book. Then we survey fundamental algorithms for sorting, searching, graphs, and strings. The last chapter is an overview placing the rest of the material in the book in a larger context. PREFACE ptg ix Distinctive features The orientation of the book is to study algorithms likely to be of practical use. The book teaches a broad variety of algorithms and data structures and pro- vides sufficient information about them that readers can confidently implement, debug, and put them to work in any computational environment. The approach involves: Algorithms. Our descriptions of algorithms are based on complete implementations and on a discussion of the operations of these programs on a consistent set of examples. Instead of presenting pseudo-code, we work with real code, so that the programs can quickly be put to practical use. Our programs are written in Java, but