hey please look at the screenshot and examples of what is needed also the examples are actual answers from peers so for question 4 you have to agree or disagree to two of them so please indicate which one you use and please message me if anything else is needed
PLEASE USE WRITER 62466 AS they did it last week and know the format
questions below
After reading through the weekly readings and performing your own research, answer the following questions on Edward Snowden and censorship.
- Do you believe Edward Snowden is a hero, why or why not?
- Do you believe that the PRISM project is in the best interests of citizens or is it more damaging than protective?
- Do you believe that there should be any censorship on the web or should citizens have completely unrestricted access to the internet?
- Reply to 2 other posts stating whether you agree or not and why
2.1-MassSurveillance Mass Surveillance ED MOORE Lecture Outline Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology 2 1. Mass Surveillance 1. Definitions 2. Around the world 3. Effects Mass Surveillance “Mass surveillance is the practice of spying on an entire, or significant part of a, population.” • This can involve anything from CCTV monitoring and email interceptions, to wire tapping and computer hacking. • Mass surveillance is usually carried out by the state but it can also be carried out by corporations, either on behalf of government or on their own initiative. DEFINITION Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (USA) • PRISM ― NSA’s data collection program ― Began collecting information from companies (Google, Yahoo, Outlook, etc) ― In 2006, it began collection information on foreign bodies too ― Much information is still unknown • ISPs are now forced to store internet history of their customers which can then be sold to the highest bidder ― This can be done without approval or notification of the citizen Edward Snowden Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance CASES OF MASS SURVEILLANCE (ECHELON) • System designed to intercept all data travelling in and out of entire countries • Initially it was secret and is still officially denied by some countries The Five Eyes • Australia • Canada • New Zealand • United Kingdom • United States Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (AUSTRALIA) • Extreme data retention laws ― Telecoms are forced to record metadata about customers ― Data is stored for a minimum of 2 years ― Can be accessed by authorities without a warrant • Facial recognition of CCTV • End-to-end encryption is legal ― The highly controversial Assistance and Access bill (“backdoor law”) has been passed and seen first uses Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (CHINA) • Widespread use of internet and physical surveillance is common practice • End-to-end encryption is banned • Policy that forces users from China that upload videos to do so with a “real name” ― This is used to prevent vulgar content, exaggerated violence and sexual content in internet videos form having a negative effect on society • Roughly 2 million “internet police” • Citizens regularly get their ID checked by police at internet cafes • An increase from 3 million (2005) to 30 million (2015) CCTV cameras in China • Wiretaps of cell phone calls • Automatic disconnection of phone calls when keywords are said (like “protest”) Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (CHINA) • A known “Social Credit Score” which is built up in a similar way to Credit Rating • Various activities effect your “Social Credit” Positive actions • Donating blood • Volunteer work • Separating & recycling rubbish Positive effects • Free gym membership • Cheaper public transport • Shorter waits in hospitals Negative actions • Dodging transport fines • Jaywalking • Restaurant no-shows • Cheating in video games • Affiliation with “dishonest” people Negative effect • “Blacklisted” from flights • Public shaming • Warnings for contacting people • Trouble getting bank loans Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (RUSSIA) • System of Operation-Investigatory Measures (SORM) forces ISPs to install devices provided by the Federal Security Service (FSB) that allow the monitoring of telecommunications • As of 2016, all messaging and emailing services must have backdoors and provide requested information without a court order • Bloggers are legally no longer allowed to be anonymous • End-to-end encryption is banned • FSB demanded that “Telegram” hand over their universal key ― The universal key would allow the FSB to read all users’ private conversations ― The FSB requested that the key be sent to
[email protected] This is the equivalent of “leaving the keys at the front door” Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology mailto:
[email protected] Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (NORTH KOREA) • All traffic is monitored by “Bureau 27”, a group inside the North Korea’s State Security Department • Government monitors activity online and offline of devices • North Korea has it’s own custom operating system called “Red Star” • Files downloaded from USBs are watermarked so that authorities can identify and trace criminal activity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwHx09wOhj8 Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (FACEBOOK) • “If you’re not paying for a product, you are the product” • Tracking users browser history on other websites • Recently found to be tracking non-Facebook users too • Browser fingerprinting Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology https://pixelprivacy.com/resources/browser-fingerprinting/ Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (TARGET) • Shopping history is tracking in details • Through use of big data, predictions can be made • Targeted advertising is sent to customers based on predictions • High School girl was sent coupons for baby clothes • Accurate enough to predict a due date for babies Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance AROUND THE WORLD (GOOGLE) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKZf7_0cenU Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Mass Surveillance EFFECTS • Conflict of Human Rights (article 12) ― HR Article 12: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. • Restrictions on freedom of speech • Subconscious suppression of ideas • Weakened sense of personal freedom • Information out of context can be used to build a case • Does it stop terrorism? Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology The end 15 Resource List • https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html • https://rightsinfo.org/explainer-mass-surveillance-human-rights/ • https://www.humanrights.gov.au/about/what-are-human-rights • http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-08/edward-snowden-says-australias-mass-surveillance- dangerous/6456938 • http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-31/chinas-social-credit-system-punishes-untrustworthy- citizens/9596204 • http://intersectionproject.eu/article/politics/surveillance-russia • https://www.amnesty.org.uk/north-korea-surveillance-state-prison-camp-internet-phone-technology https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html https://rightsinfo.org/explainer-mass-surveillance-human-rights/ https://www.humanrights.gov.au/about/what-are-human-rights http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-08/edward-snowden-says-australias-mass-surveillance-dangerous/6456938 http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-31/chinas-social-credit-system-punishes-untrustworthy-citizens/9596204 http://intersectionproject.eu/article/politics/surveillance-russia https://www.amnesty.org.uk/north-korea-surveillance-state-prison-camp-internet-phone-technology 2.2-Censorship Censorship ED MOORE Lecture Outline Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology 2 1. Censorship 1. Definitions 2. Around the World 3. Effects Censorship DEFINITION • Censorship is the changing or the suppression or prohibition of speech of writing that is deemed subversive of the common good Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship AROUND THE WORLD (AUSTRALIA) • Australian Government allegedly maintains a “blacklist” of websites • Australia implements a rating system for media (G, PG, M, …, RC) ― Refused Classification (RC) is “banned” connect which cannot be legally distributed ― Many films are banned initially and then “cut” to receive a less rating ― Sales of X18+ content is technically still legal (not in NT or over the phone) • Australia has some of the most restrictive internet censorship laws in the western world • Content hosted in Australia can be reported to the ACMA who can issue a “Take Down” notice • Advertising has strict rules around it, specifically with personal injury compensation which is entirely banned in some states Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship AROUND THE WORLD (CHINA) • The Chinese government maintains it’s control through strict censorship laws • Great Firewall of China is in place blocking a range of information ― Blocks access to a range of freedom and speech avenues ― Services are either blocked (often replaced with an alternative) or bend to Government demands • Some blocked services include: Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Google which all encourage freedom of speech • “All the work by the party’s media must reflect the party’s will, safeguard the party’s authority, and safeguard the party’s unity” – Xi Jinping, Chinese President Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship AROUND THE WORLD (RUSSIA) • The Russian government maintains a “blacklist” of websites that is considered harmful. ― Initially it was used to block the illegal sales of drugs, child pornography and other harmful content ― It was then extended to block extremist and terrorist content ― Now being “abused” to block anti-government content ― From 2014 to 2015, the blacklist grew 900% • All VPN and anonymising software has been banned. Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship AROUND THE WORLD (NORTH KOREA) • North Korea was ranked “worst in the world” in the Press Freedom Index rankings from 2007 to 2016. ― In 2016 it was “beaten” ― In 2017 and kept it in 2018 it regained ”top” position • The government tightly controls all media inside the country. Journalists must undergo a background check, 4 year probation and an “ideology review” • North Korea runs their own intranet, which is a cut down version of the internet we know • Only a trusted few have access to the wider internet • The following can result in the death penalty: ― Drinking alcohol ― Owning a bible ― Leaving the country ― Viewing/selling pornography ― Communicating with the outside world Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship AROUND THE WORLD (TURKMENISTAN) • Similar to North Korea, the Turkmenistan Government controls all media inside the country • President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov is known as “Father Protector” • There are reports of journalists who have published content not approved by the government have been arrested, tortured, physically attacked and forced out of their profession • Authorities periodically remove satellite dishes to make cities more “visually appealing” • In 2018, the United Nations formally recognised that the Turkmen state was responsible for journalist Ogulsapar Muradova’s death in detention as a result of mistreatment Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship EFFECTS OF CENSORSHIP • Suppression of freedom of speech • Uneducated and un-opinionated citizens will not drive innovation • Lack of knowledge gained from history • Sheltered individuals may be more susceptible to damage later on • Manipulation of individual’s opinions • Does it provide a safer state? Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology Censorship EFFECTS OF CENSORSHIP • Rodrigo Duterte is the current president of the Philippines • The Philippines is a “prime Facebook country” ― Smartphones outnumber people ― 97% of the country has Facebook accounts ― Filipinos spend more than 9 hours a day on average • The country was used as a “petri dish” for testing tactics for behaviour modification ― Cambridge Analytica used this heavily ― Disinformation was a primary tool Faculty of Arts | Department of Security Studies and Criminology The end 12 Resource List • https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china • https://rsf.org/en/north-korea • https://protonvpn.com/blog/assistance-access-bill-australia/ • https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-09-24/philippines-facebook-cambridge-analytica-duterte- elections • https://www.asaaconference.com.au/4236 https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china https://rsf.org/en/north-korea https://protonvpn.com/blog/assistance-access-bill-australia/ https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-09-24/philippines-facebook-cambridge-analytica-duterte-elections https://www.asaaconference.com.au/4236