HEY I HAVE ATTACHED THE BRIEF THAT HAS BEEN DONE BY YOU AND OTHER THING THAT COURSE STAND FOR 24...

Question

HEY I HAVE ATTACHED THE BRIEF THAT HAS BEEN DONE BY YOU AND OTHER THING THAT COURSE STAND FOR 24 CREDIT SO PLEASE MAKE SURE IT SHOULD BE PERFECT AND ACCORDING TO WHAT IT SAY

The course assessment reflects the aim to encourage research on a topic of sustainability thus assessment is heavily weighted towards the production of the Research Report. As a course of 24 points, additional requirements are required. Assessment 2: Literature review (guidelines: 5 - 6,000 words) To include academic and grey literature. Assessment Criteria Rubric This criterion is linked to a learning outcome Breadth and depth of review This criterion is linked to a learning outcome Writing style and formatting This criterion is linked to a learning outcome Content and critical analysis I HAVE ATTACHED THE PROJECT BRIEF THAT YOU GUYS HAVE DONE SO GO ACCORDINGLY TOPIC : LAND TENURE AND URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC AND PLEASE MAKE SURE ABOUT 24 CREDIT SO SHOULD BE PERFECT AND AS PER THE REQUIREMENTS LAND TENURE AND URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Table of Contents Introduction3 Literature Review3 Climate Resilience in South Pacific4 Land Tenure Issues in South Pacific5 Effect of Climate Change on Land use5 Linkage between Land Tenure and Climate Resilience in South Pacific7 Land and Climate Vulnerabilities7 Conclusion7 References9 Introduction Transition of the entire global economy has led to rapid urbanization and modernization in the recent decade. This transition not only endangered the green economy and sustainable aspects of the world but also denuded the needs and the living conditions of the human beings. Excessive industrialization has resulted in massive transformation of the global climate with the increase in the average temperature by about 0.17 degrees Fahrenheit per decade since 1900s. The instance of climate change has directly impacted on the land use and land occupation. Thereby affecting land access and land tenure. Hence climate change has potentially exhorted direct and indirect negative repercussions on human livelihood and affected the welfare and the prosperity of the economy. This project aims to analyze the issues related to the land tenure in context of climate change and the vulnerability of the current climatic conditions in South Pacific regions. An effective literature review has been provided followed by a descriptive discussion on land tenure rights, climate resilience in South Pacific, land tenure issues in South Pacific, effect of land administration on climate change, linkages between land tenure and climate resilience in South Pacific, effective land and climate vulnerabilities and the risk factors to recognize and record land tenure rights and climate action planning. Literature Review Recent studies have also depicted the fact that urbanization is one of the major aspects drive the climatic vulnerability and affects the land tenure in security in the developing regions of the world. The importance of good governance and sustainable development are some important aspects that dominate the present administrative culture. Numerous literatures have propounded effective theories on climate vulnerabilities and land tenure. Climate change refers to the recent change in the global climatic system resulting in global warming due to the increased level of greenhouse gases. Researches shows that there is an effective impact on the human activities and land tenure systems due to alteration in the production consumption industry agricultural and loss of vegetation cover and other carbon sinks (Govan, 2019). Climate variability indicates the climatic variations in the global climate and the change in weather patterns over vast regions that originate due to the variation in the ocean currents and other factors like El Nino Southern Oscillation. Climate change impacts refer to the direct and indirect impacts of climatic variations by changing the key aspects of ocean currents atmospheric temperature precipitation level sea levels frequency of storm events. These aspects together changed the entire global climatic system. Climate change adaptation indicates the adaptive capability of the human species. Humans spontaneously show adaptive features into organized processes. It is evident to note that climate changes have taken place due to the operation of land and natural resource use systems and other aspects of social and economic organizations (Charan, Kaur & Singh, 2017). Land tenure indicates the land and the uses of natural resources health by the individuals in the society or by a social group. Land policy refers to the set of rules and regulation enforced by the administration of a country in order to control the uses of lands and the land tenure, land holding, land access, land distribution and land resource utilization land occupation land related planning processes, settlement and management of disputes and conflicts (Barnett & McMichael, 2018). In this project we shall propound the effective linkages between land tenure and climatic conditions in South Pacific regions and effectively show the impact of climate resilience on the land tenure system in this region. Climate Resilience in South Pacific The region of South Pacific experiences high impact climate changes which affect the economic functioning of the economies in these regions. Reports of International Panel on climate change indicate that the areas of South Pacific are among the top regions that faces most risks from natural disasters and adverse climatic conditions. Global warming in the recent decades has increased the instance of flood and drought in these areas. Thus, there is high level of exposure to natural hazard and poor economic and social situations make them vulnerable. Cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis have occurred frequently in South Pacific regions in the recent decades which the researcher confirms are the direct impact of global warming. El Nino Southern Oscillation greatly affects their climatic variability. While the natural regional climate cycles are influenced by extreme climatic conditions like drought, flooding and tropical cyclones. Thereby affecting the crops, homes, buildings, roads and the entire communication infrastructure is messed up due to these adverse climatic situations. Alteration in climatic cycles, increase in sea levels and increase in climatic conditions reduces the availability of land suitable for human settlement and thereby affects the agricultural production. Land Tenure Issues in South Pacific Land tenure is a method in which land is held by an authority with the capable ownership. Customarily there is a relationship between the people with respect to the land and the natural resources. It is a system of rules that define the ways by which land is held and allocates property rights by securing and enforcing the required laws and regulations. In most of the regions of Southern Pacific the tenure type is freehold or usufruct titles to informal settlements that are structured without the formal records of the government. Customary land tenure is also predominant in these areas. This system has a complex arrangements and methods of allocating land and natural resources and dispute resolution which are effectively understood by the members of the community. Global changes in the pattern of the land use have also altered and accelerated the land conversion rates and are the major reasons that contribute to the ecological disruptions (Yamada et al., 2019). Further unsustainable urbanization affects the health and poses to be the hazardous threat to the biodiversity and the natural habitats. This is obvious that human development choices has directly and negatively impacted the natural world and thereby disrupted the sustainable aspects of the climatic conditions. Effect of Climate Change on Land use Rising sea level has resulted in the gradual inundation of the low-lying areas and this contributed to the increase in the severe storm surges flooding and thereby threatening the viability of the coastal areas. International Panel of Climate Change is estimated that the mean rise of the global sea level will be about 26 to 98 cm by 2050. Small islands, mainly the islands of the South Pacific regions are highly exposed to the increase in the sea levels and islands like Tuvalu and Kiribati are the most vulnerable islands with 33% and 55% of their land under and elevation of 5 meter. Vanuatu and Solomon Islands on the other hand are less exposed to the threat of inundation. This is also contemplated by the fact that the economic viability of these coastal areas also decreases the land resources and increases the potential damage to the loss of life due to storms and flooding. The panel for climatic changes also reported that the sea level rise will also lead to the permanent displacement of the coastal areas in the recent decade. Thereby, this will increase the risk of tension and conflict in these coastal areas. Extreme storms like tropical cyclones, hailstorms, blizzards, tornadoes, coastal storm surges, riverside floods and heat waves damages the infrastructure, livestock and public buildings and therefore leads to potential and vulnerable consequences (Mimura, 2018). Floods leads to short term displacement as people leave their homes for safer places. However these people suffer from extremely vulnerable situations that affect their homes and livelihood. Climate change is likely to increase migration as well as temporary displacement of people. In this aspect the government master response with a support to the migrating decisions that provides livelihoods and ensure to secure land tenure and property rights. This should be addressed through proper implementation of cultural appropriations and relocations of the affected people to their property when situations are under control (Froese & Schilling, 2019). Increased migration to the urban areas has negative environmental impacts and increases the competition for land. Therefore, the government must contemplate with a improvised land use planning. Regulations must ensure up gradation of land tenure system and land adjustment by planned allocation. Effective measures must be taken to facilitate migration as an adaptive response during adverse climatic conditions. Effective coordination should also be address between land use planning, flood, risk management, drainage and coastal protection. Disasters often damage arable land make it unsuitable for cultivation and other social purpose. Therefore, these affects the landholders and they face an extensive issue of finding alternative sources of livelihood (Fletcher et al., 2018). This compels them to migrate into urban areas which led to rapid urbanization in the recent decades. Urbanization has indirectly affected the competition for land and impacted on land tenure rights in agricultural sub-urban areas. Linkage between Land Tenure and Climate Resilience in South Pacific South Pacific Island Nations are highly devastated by extreme climatic conditions in the recent decades. In April 2020 a tropical cyclone Harold caused severe destruction in Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga (McEvoy, Mitchell & Trundle, 2020). It is evident to note that urbanization in South Pacific Nations is taking place rapidly in the recent decade. Urban growth rates are higher than the population growth rates in all the Pacific economies. Thus, these aspects largely affected the land settlement. With the increase in informal settlement and the challenges of evictions and discrimination with vulnerable and marginalized segments of the society also increased. Land and Climate Vulnerabilities Urbanization has led to poverty and hazard prone dwelling in the urban areas. Lack of access of drinking water and sanitation lack of basic services and overcrowded informal settlements are some of the vulnerabilities that are recorded in the land use. Rapid urbanization and lack of affordable land led to informal settlement by affecting the natural diversity and disrupting the eco-logical balances in a region (Barnett, 2018). Overpopulation in the urban areas led to the depletion of groundwater and pollution has been a major that contributes to the rise in the urban temperature. Air pollution and water pollution are typical aspects of urbanization that has been the

research-literature-review-egajikpq.docx research-report-brief-urtpm2ly.docx

Shubham · Accepted Answer

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT LITERATURE REVIEW
[TOPIC: LAND TENURE AND URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC]
Table of Contents
Source 1:	5
Introduction	5
Critical Analysis	5
New Urban Agenda	5
Resilience Shocks and Stresses	5
Resilience Characteristics in the Pacific	5
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Agenda	6
Conclusion	6
Source 2:	6
Introduction	6
Critical Analysis	6
Planning for Climate Change	7
Building on Endogenous Climate Resilience	7
Informality, Vulnerability and Resilience	7
Lessons	7
Conclusion	7
Source 3:	8
Introduction	8
Critical Analysis	8
Methodology	8
Results	8
Conclusion	9
Source 4:	9
Introduction	9
Critical Analysis	10
Perception	10
Methodology	10
Results and Discussions	10
Conclusion	10
Source 5:	11
Introduction	11
Critical Analysis	11
Comparison of Physical Susceptibility of Pacific Islands to Potential Risks Associated	11
Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Infrastructure	11
Downscaling	12
Population and Risks	12
Conclusion	12
Source 6:	12
Introduction	12
Critical Analysis	13
Conclusion	13
Source 7:	14
Introduction	14
Critical Analysis	14
Conclusion	14
Source 8:	14
Introduction	14
Critical Analysis	15
Pandemic and Land Tenure Rights	15
Climate Change, COVID-19 and Land Administration in Pacific Islands Countries	15
Interlinkages between Urban Land Tenure and Climate as well as the Pandemic	15
FFP LAS	15
Conclusion	16
Source 9:	16
Introduction	16
Critical Analysis	16
Conclusion	17
Source 10:	17
Introduction	17
Critical Analysis	18
Adaptation Responses in the Pacific	18
Case Studies	18
Conclusion	18
Source 11:	19
Introduction	19
Critical Analysis	19
Conclusion	20
References	21
Source 1:
McEvoy, D., Mitchell, D. and Trundle, A., 2020. Land tenure and urban climate resilience in the South Pacific. Climate and development, 12(1), pp.1-11
Introduction
Urbanisation is rapidly spreading in Pacific countries. They are more prone to climate changes with visible results. Urbanisation is also of the reason for the depletion of natural resources and natural hazards. Apart from this, the infrastructure requirements are not up to the mark, which contributes in increasing negative impact of the climate. As mentioned in the paper by (), different land tenure categories have also influenced municipality effectiveness in development. This has stressed the efforts over land and hindered government programs to meet resilience aims. This paper is about New Urban Agenda when stakeholders decided to address challenges arising out of it. 
Critical Analysis
The literature was divided into different themes, which has helped to reflect the perspective clearly. It has supported the author’s study in an impactful manner.
New Urban Agenda
It started in 2003 and in 2004 adopted by UNESCA. By 2015, it received wider support across the regions and different partners. It came out with different recommendations and it helped to address the challenges, which are in forefront of the consideration. This shows that detailed analysis of the impact due to climate change is done in order to sustain livelihoods, economy and different sectors in it.
Resilience Shocks and Stresses
This segment was divided into different parts in order to enhance the understanding about the factors, which are responsible for the designing of the systems, which are effective in combating the problem. Urbanisation and growth on one hand and natural hazards on the others can be compared easily in it to go deeply with resilience challenges.
Resilience Characteristics in the Pacific
It has helped to understand the resilience in context of Pacific geography. Whenever any disaster has hit any region, it is the society, whose collective efforts have contributed in facing it. Above all the rights over land is also a point of concern because it gives user an edge at one place to use it accordingly whereas on the other hand it imposes restrictions to go in terms with nature. The ecological relationships and economic condition of the diversity also drives growth, which are quite essential for the reader, to know about.
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Agenda
The main highlight of the article was well supported by the above topics, which helped in reaching to the position where problem and solution are standing in front of each other. This helps in relating the discussion in an appropriate manner and open doors for new dimensions. 
Conclusion
It is found that urbanisation is the resultant, which defines growth but it has various reasons with it, which are responsible for its unmanaged and ineffective implementation. Planning, partnerships and effective action plans are key to success. The discussion is supportive in forming the base for the study and the language used was simple. It is able to reflect the efforts by the author in a structured manner. The various references and reports referred increases the authenticity of it. The paper is easy to follow and synchronised thoughts help in reaching to the conclusion in a natural manner. 
Source 2:
Trundle, A., Barth, B. and McEvoy, D., 2019. Leveraging endogenous climate resilience: urban adaptation in Pacific Small Island Developing States. Environment and Urbanisation, 31(1), pp.53-74
Introduction
Pacific region and the island countries are more vulnerable to climatic conditions and their after impacts. The article is about the study of two research projects, which has helped in understanding the resilience from a different perspective. It stress on achieving urbanisation while managing climatic challenges at the same time. The case studies in the paper by Trundle, Barth and McEvoy (2019) have helped to understand the presented situation and form an opinion about it. It has also contributed in relating various social structures, knowledge, settlements and capabilities of organisations with respect to the topic. It also discuss about the areas where efforts are lagging and need immediate attention.
Critical Analysis
Pacific SIDS is the major geographical locations, which are considered in the article. The initial section highlights how it was formed and what importance it holds creates a visual about the location. The settlement in these islands and the administrative services, which look after providing clean water, housing and development, were introduced. It helps in the understanding the impact of Urban Agenda and planning done by government at national level more appropriately. 
Planning for Climate Change
This section shares some information such as languages and natural disasters, which can be reduced to tabular presentation or included in appendixes. Government implemented various programs in the region. The impact of those programs and the challenges on their way could be more useful for the discussion rather how they were implemented. It can be said that this section could have been used more wisely.
Building on Endogenous Climate Resilience
This helps in bringing back the flow of discussion and various illustrations make it interesting. Port Vila and Black sand illustrations with the figure 1 makes it engaging to through the study. It helps to recognise the issues and relate with them. All the issues such as population, sanitation, water scarcity, land planning and Health are used. Map is also included which helps to align with geography and the issues prevailing. 
Informality, Vulnerability and Resilience
It is an important theme of the discussion because it is able to draw the attention towards the relation between three. The settlements both in formal and informal nature has resulted in climate change, which in turn requires resilience measure to be followed. 
Lessons
The above theme has helped to derive the lessons, which can be suggestive to UN and researchers while working on Global Agenda. The SIDS and the impact of those lessons are visible and therefore this case study method is able to discount theories and help in forming a concept out of it. The caution and observations are found to be less consistent with respect to case study
Conclusion
The themes designing could be better to maintain the flow of discussion. The areas of Pacific such as SIDS holds concentrated position in the discussion. The detailed information about various technical terms led the writing impressive and gave a technical touch to it. Being Pacific islands in forefront of climatic vulnerabilities the nuanced considerations need a balance approach to deal with. One of the Urban Agendas is focussed, which helps to deepen the understanding about climatic resilience. The references highlight the relative study with respect to the topic and thus show the reliability of sources.
Source 3:
MHumNut, A.S., Bambrick, H. and Gallegos, D., 2021. Climate extremes constrain agency and long-term health: A qualitative case study in a Pacific Small Island Developing State. Weather and Climate Extremes, 31, p.100293
Introduction
Vanuatu is one of the Pacific Islands, on which the research is done, as it is highly prone to climatic extremes. The qualitative study by MHumNut, Bambrick and Gallegos (2021) in the form of case presentation is used. The data was collected from locals, which is influenced by their experiences with climate. The food production was highly affected area at this place as climate change impacts production. The regular climatic challenges faced by FNS disturb the quality of food as it deteriorates the quality of land, farming practices, economic and environmental systems. Various factors, which are considered in the discussion, are the place: Vanuatu, what climatic extremes it faces and the cyclones.
Critical Analysis
Two key aspects of the research were Methodology and the results. This has shaped the research paper and helped in analysing the topic accurately.
Methodology
It is segregated in to (i) study sites: two villages of Vanuatu, which has different characteristics and represent two different types of population. The comparative study helps in understanding their lifestyle and explains the reasons of extremes. (ii) Study design and data collection: Author with the help of local guide initiated the collection of data, which reflects the validity of it. It makes study more authentic as ethical standard were taken care of. (iii) Data Analysis: The local experiences were in forefront, which is the essence of the article. 
Results
The most awaited section, which shows the effectiveness of the study. It is reflective about practices, which are followed or need to be followed on order to deal with climatic challenges. For example, locals highlighted draught as the main reason for food shortages. The reasons were well analysed and the strategies were suggested to loss of food production. Both the villages had different strategies to deal with it. This as interesting to know as it motivates to follow alternatives because sticking to one line is not beneficial. The comparison shows that the unavailability of resources and guidance is responsible. The adaptive practices and the approach towards it are also highlighted well. One village received positive result and the other one stuck with the negative result. This contrast definitely affected food production. It has long-term health implication as well. Climatic conditions have such an in-depth impact on regular life, which is compared and contrasted in an impressive manner. The two extremes of same world are represented and the resilience stressed in indirect manner.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that though the research paper is well designed but it had some its limitations. As it was mentioned earlier that locals’ experiences is considered to collect data, it is responsible for biased results. Though it was able to convey the essence of the research, the above limitation opens the scope of study.

The course assessment reflects the aim to encourage research on a topic of sustainability thus assessment is heavily weighted towards the production of the Research Report. As a course of 24 points,...

Answer To: The course assessment reflects the aim to encourage research on a topic of sustainability thus...

Answer To This Question Is Available To Download

Related Questions & Answers

Submit New Assignment