Help me to complete the exam online.This exam covers weeks 8-11 and is due Friday December 7th at 11:59pm. You have two hours and forty minutes (the length of the class) to complete this exam, and it must be completed in one sitting. I suggest that you write out your answers to the second portion of the exam in a word document in case of a computer glitch you do not lose all your work. If that happens you can immediately email the word document, but keep in mind that it tells me when you started the exam and when you submitted it. The first portion of this exam is multiple choice and worth 1 point each. Make sure you read each question carefully- some may have multiple answers- so take your time. The second portion of the exam are long answer questions. They should be at minimum 3 sentences and are worth 4 points each. If the question asks for an example from your reading, make sure you are explicitly citing your work. Make sure you are answering all parts of the question to receive full credit.
(All the material in the attachment).
ANT110 SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANT110 SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Week 9 Language, Discourse and Rhetoric WEEK 8 KEY CONCEPTS Economic Anthropology Subsection of anthropology focused on economics, constantly in dialogue with the discipline of economics, and encompasses production, exchange , consumption, meaning and uses of both material objects and immaterial services Economics Studies decisions made by people and businesses and how these decisions interact with the market place Political Economy Subsection of Anthropology and Economic Anthropology that recognizes that the economy is central to everyday life but contextualizes the economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures and cultural values Production Involves transforming nature and raw materials into goods that are useful and or necessary for humans Exchange Involves how these goods are distributed among people Consumption Refers to how we use these material goods WEEK 8 KEY CONCEPTS Domestic Production Production that organizes work on the basis of family relations and subsistence farming- food is produced by the family for the family’s consumption Tributary Production The primary producers pay tribute in the form of material goods or labor to another individual or group of individuals who control production through political, religious or military force Capitalist Production Private property is owned, workers sell their labor power to capitalists, surpluses of wealth are produced. Workers don’t own their means of production. Market Exchange Revolves around general purpose money, bargaining and supply and demand price mechanisms Conspicuous Consumption The idea that there are certain kinds of commodities that people consume because they signal to other people the value of the person consuming commodities. Always in a social context and signaling who you are to other people (subjectivity) WEEK 8 KEY CONCEPTS Liberalism and Neoliberalism Ideology that individuals are free and equal (Liberalism) Intensification of Liberalism ideology but this freedom revolves around economic rationality of selfhood Fair Trade Small scale subsistence farmers- typically growing coffee- that create small cooperatives to sell the coffee collectively around the world. A trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency, and respect that seeks greater equity in international trade. Alienation Being divorced from the mode of production Structural Violence A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs Generalized Interchangeability Takes all the different goods/items/commodities and makes them commensurable through one specific metric (currency/ money) THE QUEEN OF VERSAILLES Conspicuous Consumption They are building a home that mimics a royal palace in France (Versailles) and are signaling their importance to the world- building the “biggest house in America” Consumption through identity logic- what you buy and own is an extension of yourself They are making something that is meant to identify who they are, or at least who they want people to think they are They have wealth, class, and status and are literally reproducing that identity for the world to see via their palace Plays very heavily on the individualism/social mobility ideology (she came from nothing) THE QUEEN OF VERSAILLES What make this interesting is how everything falls apart for them after the economy crashes in 2007 When everything falls apart their identities fall apart and subsequently so do their relationships (with each other, with the banks, with employees, with their children) There means of agency is taken away from them from structural powers that go beyond their control and this crisis they go through is analogous to the crisis that most people go through The conception they have of themselves becomes exposed and goes into crisis during this financial bust They are so entrenched in this identity through consumption that they can’t stop spending The father’s identity is so entrenched in the house and they can’t pull themselves out of debt. He could solve their problems by selling that property but he never does he can’t let it go. As of 2018 he still owns the property and it isn’t finished. That is the trap of subjectivity and identity- we have these categories we use to think about ourselves and it ends up feeling impossible to step outside of these boxes. They become confining and limiting in their own way CARLOS DOESN’T REMEMBER Capitalization Rate The percentage of people in any group who are able to reach their potential. To capitalize on their potential- this rate can capture how successful and just a society is One would expect the US would have a high capitalization rate based on our ideology of anyone can make move up the socio-economic ladder The podcast is demonstrating through Carlo’s narrative that this is not the reality. That students born to low income families and living in low income communities and school districts to not have equal access to the same types of advantages as students with comparable intelligence but born in middle to upper level communities. WEEK 9 KEY CONCEPTS Language Closed System Communication Open System Communication Gesture-Call system Kinesics Proxemics Paralanguage Signifier Index Icon Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Rhetoric Discourse Language and Anthropology Language is fundamental to human existence and subsequent cultural developments Early preoccupation with Indigenous languages and comparing different languages Even prompted scholars to attempt to preserve Indigenous North American languages (salvage ethnography) Human language considered culture’s most important feature human culture couldn’t exist without it language couldn’t exist without culture Inseparable because language encodes culture and provides a means through which culture is shared and passed down from one generation to another Language and Symbols Most important way language functions is through Symbols Anything that serves to refer to something else, but has a meaning that cannot be guessed because there is no obvious connection between the symbol and the referent This is called arbitrariness Ex. Wedding colors Ex. Qui- French (who) Key- English (…a key) Ki- Japanese (tree) Language Development Language is the most important aspect of understanding and creating culture How do you think it developed historically? 6-7 million years ago we had a significant change in anatomy Which was…. Bipedalism We started to walk upright on two feet Freed up forelimbs so our ancestors could carry items and complete more complex tasks with our hands (thanks opposable thumbs!) This set off a chain of anatomical adaptations Language Development The most important anatomical change (in terms of language development) was the placement of the skull on the spine Quadrupedal animals have their spines attached to the back of their skull This thrusts the head forwards For humans (technically pre-humans) the spot of attachment shifted toward the center of base of the skull Language Development This change was the catalyst for the change in the shape and position of the mouth and throat We have the same organs in our mouth as other great apes The position of the spine and subsequently the position of the larynx (voice box) creates a longer pharynx (throat cavity) This serves as a resonating and amplifying chamber for the speech sounds emitted by the larynx The rounding of the shape of the tongue and palate (result of the shift in spine/skull locations) allows humans to make more sounds than other great apes are capable Language Development Evolution and biology paved the way for development of our unique language and subsequent cultures All animals communicate and many through meaningful sounds Some use visual signs (facial expressions, color changes, body postures, movements, light or electricity) Some use smell and sense of touch Typically animals use two or more of these types of communications but it is considered a closed system Meaning they cannot create new meanings and messages Humans conversely have an open system that can easily create new meanings and messages Most animal languages are innate- they do not need to actively learn them There are expectations like song birds who learn complicated songs from older birds Language Development Non-Human Great Apes- gesture call system Complex system of communication that uses a varying combination of sound, body language, scent, facial expression and touch These are widely shared by humans which demonstrates that the spoken language that evolved through bipedalism was embedded in the gesture call system i.e. most likely how we communicated pre-bipedal anatomical changes Language Development Three Non-Verbal Communications Kinesics All forms of human body language. Including gestures, body position/movement, facial expressions, and eye contact All can be performed the same way but different cultures/societies may have different rules about how they use them Proxemics The study of the social use of space- specifically the distance an individual tries to maintain around himself in interactions with others Paralanguage The characteristics of speech beyond the actual words spoken. Include aspects inherent to speech like tone, pitch, duration etc. Most non-verbal behaviors are unconsciously performed and not noticed unless someone violates the cultural standards for them Language Development Ethnographers focus on non-verbal communications during fieldwork just as much as what the person is physically saying Body language, the pitch, tone, proximity can tell a lot about the person you are interviewing What they are not saying can be just as important as what they are saying Language Universals All human cultures have a human language and use it to communicate All human languages change over time, a reflection of the fact that all cultures are constantly changing All languages are systemic, rule driven and equally complex over all and equally capable of expressing any idea that the speaker wishes to convey. There are NO PRIMITIVE LANGUAGES All languages are symbolic systems All languages have a basic word order of elements, like subject, verb, and object – with variations All languages have similar grammatical categories such as nouns and verbs Every spoken language is made up of discrete sounds that can be categorized as vowels and consonants The underlying structure of all languages is characterized by the feature of duality of patterning- which permits any speaker to utter any message they need or wish to convey and any speaker of the same language to understand the message Linguistics Different ways that language is studied within linguistics Descriptive Linguists discover and describe the phenomes of language Phenomes- minimal unit of sound that can change the meaning if substituted for another sound. Ex. “b” in “bit” replaced with “p” making the sound/word “pit” – phonology They study the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language to show how the morphemes are use to make new words- morphology They analyze the rules by which speakers create phrases and sentences- syntax They then look at all these features are combined to convey meaning in social contexts This field of study is called semantics and pragmatics Descriptive Linguistics Semantics Focuses on the study of the meaning of words and morphemes- as well as how the meanings of phrases and sentences derive from them Ex. The word “like” popularized by the movie Valley Girl Pragmatics Looks at the social and cultural aspects of meaning and how the context of an interaction effects it One aspect is called speech act Anytime we speak we are performing an act but what we are trying to accomplish with that utterance may not be interpretable through the dictionary meanings of the