1.- Describe the pharmacology of heroin, what are the key metabolites detected during toxicological analysis of heroin use and what are the physiological causes and symptoms of heroin overdose?...

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1.- Describe the pharmacology of heroin, what are the key metabolites detected during toxicological analysis of heroin use and what are the physiological causes and symptoms of heroin overdose? 2.- A motorist has an accident at 02:30 hours but leaves the scene and returns home. The police trace him, and a blood sample is taken at 08:45 hours. Analysis reveals a blood alcohol concentration of 68 milligrams per 100 millilitres (mg%). The man says he had been drinking until about 01:00 hours and had then talked with friends before setting off to drive home where he had an accident. He says he panicked because he knew he’d been drinking and fled from the scene. Use an average elimination rate of 19 mg%/hour and a range 9 to 27 mg%/hour to calculate his lowest, most likely and highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) (i)What would his blood alcohol concentration have been at the time of the accident? Include the possible range in your answer. (ii)Is the back-calculation likely to be valid? 3.- A motorist is arrested and is subjected to a roadside oral screen. The screen returns a positive for cocaine at the roadside preliminary test. The motorist is arrested for violation of Section 5a of the road traffic act. A blood sample is taken and sent for toxicology analysis for drugs and alcohol. A confirmation test reveals a blood concentration of the following: Analyte Concentration (ng/ml) (g/L) THC 2.5 Benzoylecgonine 80 Cocaethylene 35 These results represent the analytical results and must be subjected to a 20% uncertainty for cocaine, a 30% uncertainty for benzoylecgonine and 15% uncertainty for nordiazepam. What are the limits of section 5a for the above drugs and from your calculations what if any limits of Section 5a has the motorist exceeded? 4.- A motorist is arrested and is subjected to a roadside oral screen. The screen returns a positive for cocaine at the roadside preliminary test. The motorist is arrested for violation of Section 5a of the Road Traffic Act. A blood sample is taken and sent for toxicology analysis for drugs and alcohol. A confirmation test reveals blood concentrations of the following analytes: Analyte Concentration (ng/ml) (ug/L) Cocaine 6 Benzoylecgonine 58 Cocaethylene 35 These represent the analytical results and must be subjected to a 20% uncertainty for cocaine, a 30% uncertainty for benzoylecgonine and 15% for cocaethylene. What are the limits in Section 5a for the above drugs and from your calculations what, if any limits of Section 5a, has the motorist exceeded?
Answered Same DayApr 29, 2021

Answer To: 1.- Describe the pharmacology of heroin, what are the key metabolites detected during toxicological...

Sannidhya answered on May 02 2021
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1.- Describe the pharmacology of heroin, what are the key metabolites detected during toxicological analysis of heroin use and what are the physiological causes and symptoms of heroin overdose?
Ans: Heroin is basically diamorphin
e. It is a semisynthetic substance produced by morphine acetylation. Its structure and formula are shown below—
    On injecting or smoking heroin, users feel a rush and a high. This is caused as it crosses the blood-brain permeability barrier. Once it crosses this barrier, it gets hydrolyzed to 6-acetyl morphine and morphine, which then bind to opioid receptors in the brain.
The key metabolites detected during toxicological analysis of heroin use are 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. Sometimes, morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) and morphine-3-glucuronide(M3G) are also found.
The main physiological causes of heroin overdose are—
1. The rush and high feeling produced by the binding of morphine to the opioid receptors in the brain.
2. The opioids alter activity in the limbic system system responsible for controlling emotions and reinforce drug usage.
3. Opioids block pain messages transmitted by the spinal cord.
The major symptoms of heroin overdose are---
1. Bluish lips and nails
2. Shallow breathing and a weak pulse
3. Drowsiness and confusion
4. Dry mouth
5. Low blood pressure
6. Nausea and coma
2.- A motorist has an accident at 02:30 hours but leaves the scene and returns home. The police trace him, and a blood sample is taken at 08:45 hours. Analysis reveals a blood alcohol concentration of 68 milligrams per 100 millilitres (mg%).The man says he had been drinking until about 01:00 hours and had then talked with friends before setting off to drive home where he had an accident. He says he panicked because he knew he’d been drinking and fled from the scene.
    Use an average elimination rate of 19 mg%/hour and a range 9 to 27 mg%/hour to calculate his lowest, most likely and highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
(i) What would his blood alcohol concentration have been at the time of the accident? Include the possible range in your answer.
    Ans:          There is a gap of 6.25 hours between the time of accident and the time of sample collection. With an average elimination rate of 19 mg%/hour, blood alcohol...
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