hello, I urgently need some key points to make a thesis proposal based on a paper. I just need some key points to suggest a new hypothesis based on a paper. How can this paper be extended to a new study?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940494/
I just need some key points to suggest a new hypothesis based on this paper. How can this paper be extended to a new study? Please answer q1,2,3,4,5 (all sub parts should be answered a to l) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940494/ 1.State concisely what the project is designed to question, analyze, or the need that it fills a. aim of the study/background b. I need 4-5 hypothesis questions for the new study proposal 2.Project Design: provide a detailed plan for the project, including timeline for completion. c. In vitro methods d.In vivo methods e.mouse models used f.what will be the control group, g.what will be the experimental group h.sample size-how many mouse models, number of experiments 3.Describe the methods that will be used to address the problem or research question/need. Methods should include: i.List of 5 lab experiments j.name of the each experiment, k.objective of each experiment, l.timeline for each experiment 4.Statistical analysis -ANOVA/Algorithm 5. Reference list Do not provide the summary of the paper Do not cut copy paste from the paper Do not cut copy paste from the sample paper . It has to be a new original research proposal based on the paper I just need some key points to suggest a new hypothesis based on this paper. How can this paper be extended to a new study? Please answer q1,2,3,4,5 (all sub parts should be answered a to l ) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940494/ 1. State concisely what the project i s designed to question, analyze, or the need that it fills a. aim of the study /background b. I need 4 - 5 hypothesis questions for the new study proposal 2. Project Design: provide a detailed plan for the project, including timeline for completion. c. In vi tro methods d. I n vi vo methods e. m ouse models used f. what will be the control group, g. what wil l be the experimental group h. sample size - how many mouse m odels, number of experi ments 3.D escribe the methods that will be used to address the problem or research question/need. Methods should include : i. L ist of 5 lab experiments j. name of the each exp eriment, k. objective of each experiment , l. time line for each experiment 4. S tatistical ana lysis - ANOVA/Al gorithm 5 . Reference list Do not provide the summary of the paper D o not cut co py paste from the paper D o not cut copy paste from the sample paper . It has to be a new original research proposal based on the paper I just need some key points to suggest a new hypothesis based on this paper. How can this paper be extended to a new study? Please answer q1,2,3,4,5 (all sub parts should be answered a to l) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940494/ 1.State concisely what the project is designed to question, analyze, or the need that it fills a. aim of the study/background b. I need 4-5 hypothesis questions for the new study proposal 2.Project Design: provide a detailed plan for the project, including timeline for completion. c. In vitro methods d.In vivo methods e.mouse models used f.what will be the control group, g.what will be the experimental group h.sample size-how many mouse models, number of experiments 3.Describe the methods that will be used to address the problem or research question/need. Methods should include: i.List of 5 lab experiments j.name of the each experiment, k.objective of each experiment, l.timeline for each experiment 4.Statistical analysis -ANOVA/Algorithm 5. Reference list Do not provide the summary of the paper Do not cut copy paste from the paper Do not cut copy paste from the sample paper . It has to be a new original research proposal based on the paper Aim of the study: To understand the effectiveness of polyphenols derived from ayurvedic sources (medicinal plants) in alleviating symptoms produced by influenza viral infection. Background: Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants largely found in the fruits such as grapes, apple, pear, cherries, and berries as well as vegetables, cereals, and juices. Natural polyphenols perform their therapeutic effects on influenza infection via various cellular and molecular mechanisms including suppressing haemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity, virus replication cycle, viral hemagglutination, viral adhesion and penetration into host cells, and intracellular signaling pathways (Roodabeh Bharamsoltani, 2015). This research would aim at studying the effectiveness of polyphenols derived from the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculate. This plant found to be effective against influenza virus by blocking the binding of viral hemagglutinin to cells (Chen JX, 2009) or by inhibiting H1N1 virus-induced cell death (Bin Yu, 2014). Extract and pure compounds of the plant have been reported for their anti-microbial, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunostimulant and toxicity activities (Agbonlahor Okhuarobo, 2014). Influenza has claimed many human lives in the past and is still under scientific surveillance. During the pandemic of 1918, about 500 million people worldwide were infected with the virus causing a high mortality rate in the age group of 20 -40 years. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, History of 1918 Flu Pandemic). Seasonal epidemics result in about 3 -5 million deaths globally every year. (World Health Organization, Global Influenza Strategy 2019-2030) Influenza virus belongs to orthomyxoviridae family of negative-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Among these, A and B types viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease. Influenza A viruses are known for the most severe clinical disease and are the commonest cause of seasonal epidemics and pandemics in human populations. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, Understanding Influenza Viruses) The mature virion comprises eight structural proteins. Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase, required for virus binding and release, respectively, are present in the viral envelope. Together, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase determine the antigenic properties of the virus and are used to define different viral strains, e.g., the H1N1 strain responsible for the 2009 pandemic and the H7N9 strain responsible for the outbreak of avian influenza in Asia (Susanne Herold, 2015). Seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) primarily targets the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. Hemagglutinin (HA) surface proteins present in the influenza viruses bind to the sialic acid receptors found on the surface of a human respiratory tract which then enables the virus to enter (via endocytosis) and infect the cell. This marks the onset of flu infection. The links between HA and sialic acid receptors are cleaved by another virus protein Neuraminidase (NA) releasing the viral progeny, which then infects the other new cells. (Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen, 2012). Ayurveda medicinal plants are a natural system of medicine being researched globally for prevention of influenza viruses. Study on medicinal plants have picked up in Africa, America, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South East Asia, and West Pacific Region. (World Health Organization: Global report on traditional and complementary medicine) There are numerous studies to demonstrate how plant based traditional medicines have been used to fight against viruses, but the further characterization of active plant ingredients and their mechanism needs to be carried out. Previous literature showed that more than 8,000 polyphenolic compounds have been identified which are classified based on the source of origin, biological function, and chemical structure (Kanti Bhooshan Pandey, 2009). There are clinical studies to demonstrate the anti-influenza activity of polyphenol-rich extracts (Christina Ehrhardt, 2007). Research Objectives and Hypothesis: The study would focus to provide empirical evidence to answer these questions: What is the polyphenolic content in Andrographis paniculate? What biological mechanism do they have on the virus-infected tissues? Is there any significant difference between the experimental (infected group supplemented with polyphenolic compound) vs control group (non-infected group)? Do polyphenolic compounds isolated from Andrographis paniculate have any effect on the disease progression in a mouse model of influenza? Experimental Basis: There is sufficient evidence that polyphenols could play an important role in alleviating influenza-like symptoms and clinical studies show that plant-based polyphenols could be further explored. This study would focus on polyphenols derived from a medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculate. The experiments would start from in vitro (cell culture) and then move into in vivo (mice model) phases and key ingredients of the experiments would be the following: Model used: Mouse model, 129S wild-type mice that can be bred in the lab also. This model has been extensively in past research where they have exhibited increased lung damage, morbidity, and mortality in correlation to interferons (Sophia Davidson, 2014). Mice would be infected intranasally with influenza A virus and their lungs and nasal mucosa are recovered and homogenized to evaluate viral replication. Cell lines: Mouse pulmonary stem/progenitor cells (mPSCs) with the capability to differentiate into type I or type II alveolar cells would be used as an in vitro cell model to characterize replication and pathogenic effects of influenza viruses in PSCs. Cytotoxicity of plant extracts and its fractions on MDCK cells (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney) cells would be studied. Control and experimental group for in vivo experiment: The population of the mouse can be subdivided into multiple groups of 10 mice each (as the study unfolds, the number of mice could vary for each group), one forming the control (non-infected) and the other forming the test group (infected group supplemented with polyphenolic compound) Influenza virus strain: The virus strain in the study would include A/WSN/1933 (WSN) (Coates et al., 2018). The virus titers could be determined by plaque assay to calculate the multiplicity of infection (MOI) used for infection. For virus infection, the supernatants of cell culture would be first removed, and the cells would be incubated with virus input for one hour. After that, the cells could be washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before fresh medium added into cell cultures. Plant samples would be taken and centrifuged for collection of extracts to be used for the cell line studies. Total flavonoid content (TFC) and Total polyphenol content (TPC) would be determined by using methanol as described in similar research studies (C.C.Chang, 2002). List of experiments: Characterization of viral