Assignment 1_B COURSE EDUC_713R BOTANY BASICS Assignment 1: Botany Basics Name: Stephen Eaton Address: 25 Franklin St #2718, Westport, CT 06880 Read Introduction pp 9-11 Botany for Gardeners and...

COURSE EDUC_713R BOTANY BASICS
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Name:
Stephen Eaton
Address: 25 Franklin St #2718, Westport, CT 06880
)Assignment 1: Botany Basics
Read Introduction pp 9-11 Botany for Gardeners and Appendix pages 242-246 Botany for Gardeners. Next, take a look at the book Botany in a Day, read pages i and ii, and pages 1‑15. Answer the following
questions for this assignment.
1. Earth has been called the "green planet" because of
Earth has vegetation cover comprising of trees and plants, hence it is green in colour and so it is called as green planet.
2. Plants have transformed the planet by establishing a fundamental principle of nature: Animals cannot exist without
Animals needs oxygen to breath and food to eat. Both are provided by the plants for their survival.
3. What are the three primary functions of plants for sustaining life on earth?
They produce oxygen for all animals to breathe, plants maintain the temperature of the planet for survival, plants provide us with food.
4. There are about four hundred    thousand plant species in the world.
5. What is the fundamental difference between plants and fungi (molds, mushrooms)?
Ans: Plants can produce their own food as they contain chlorophyll in their leaves. Fungi cannot produce their own food as they do not have chlorophyll in them.
6. Within the plant kingdom there are subdivisions. The largest division consists of 250,000- 300,000
species commonly called the flowering plants or more scientific called angiosperms. The name refers to the fact that the
seeds form inside a container or fruit.
7. The second largest plant division includes the _flowering plants_____, or plants that produce seed in the fruits.
8. (
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)True or False. All hardwood trees are gymnosperms and all soft wood trees are angiosperms.-False
9. The father of plant taxonomy was Carl Linneaus    who devised the binominal system of nomenclature in which
each species is identified by a unique name.The first part of the name is the genus to which the plant
belongs. A genus is _group name The second part of the name is the family name    or the species and together they
constitute the name of the species.
10. True or False. Every plant has a unique name in Latin. However, both the genus and specific epithets can be used in different combination as a name for other species. -True
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11. There are specific rules as to how plant names are to be written. The first letter of the genus name is always _capital, the specific epithet or species name is always written second    , and the complete scientific
name is either _same _____ or different.
12. Naming of plants (taxonomy) has evolved into classification which indicates internationally shared classification system.
13. Higher taxonomic groupings include those plants that have broad similarities between genera which
can then be grouped into sub genera and sub divisions    ; natural affinities between certain families place them into one of several groups.
______
14. Because of variation within species, taxonomists have used smaller taxonomic groupings such as variety, sub species etc.
15. What are the distinguishing characteristics of a species, cultivar, and a hybrid? 1. Species:_ all the individuals have certain similarities.
2. Cultivar: category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics; ______
3. Hybrid:__ a product of two different plants of different species or varieties.____
16. True or False. Just by looking at a plant, its seeds and flowers, a botanist could tell whether the plant was a species, cultivar, or a hybrid?-False
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17. What are the potential dangers of using just the common names of plants? Ans: there can be mixing of different varieties of plant species and also common names donot tell us about the division, family and the taxonomy details of a plant species.
18. True or False. It is often difficult to trace the evolutionary history of plants and animals because 99.9% of all the organisms that have ever lived are now extinct.-True
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19. Life began in the ocean about 4(four)billion years ago and consisted of simple single-celled
organisms without oxygen.    Examples of these types of organisms are still present today. Give two
examples: Bacteria, algae.
20. Reproduction in these early life forms was asexual, which entails growth and then produce genetically identical plants to the parent plant.
21. True or False. After simple plant cells evolved, it took only another few million years for these simple single cells to evolve organelles, which provided for the development of the eukaryotic cell.-False
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22. What is the primary difference between plant and animal cells? Plant cells have cell wall where as animal cells don’t have cell walls.
23. About 1.5 billion years ago plant reproduction underwent another major evolutionary event which was
___asexual reproduction, a significant event that facilitated the evolution of the first identical offspring to the parent which occurred
about 900 million years ago.
24. Herbivores were the first animals to survive on plants.
25. What was the biggest evolutionary problem faced by simple, single cell plants to colonize the land? Ans: they faced slower rate of reproduction and hence colonization was slow.
26. True or False. It has been hypothesized that the evolutionary jump facilitating the evolution of land plants was the formation of a symbiotic relationship with fungus.-True
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27. (
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)Fungi are a third type of life that form which? Is part of eukaryotic organsims.
28. How does the symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi work? Plants obtain phosphate and other minerals form the fungi where as the fungi obtains sugar for their food from the plant as a part of their symbiotice relationship.
29. True or False. Most plants have a symbiotic association with fungus and 50% could not survive without them.-True
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30. What are lichens? Lichens are composite organisms that is formed by the association of algae or cyanobacteria with a fungus in a mutualistic relationship.
31. The true mosses, hornworts and liverworts are the most simple bryophytes. They are characterized as
plants reproducing asexually and having no circulatory system.
32. What is a plant spore? Plant spore are the reproductive structures of sporophytes in the non-seed bearing plants.
33. (
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)True or False. Sublimation is the force that draws water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.-False
34. What are the three divisions of nonvascular spore plants and the approximate number of species in each division? In the environs of your school or home have you ever noticed any of these plants? NO. What type of habitat would you expect to find these plants? Ans; they are found in humid and marshy places.
35. What evolutionary advantage did a vascular system give plants? They help in the transportation of water and minerals internally in the plants.
36. What are the three divisions of vascular spore plants and the approximate number of species in each division? The three divisions area cryptogams (10,000 species) phanerogams (58 species) and angiosperms. (352000 species)
37. What is the most obvious example of the evolutionary success of vascular spore plants to not only thrive during the Paleozoic era, but dominate the environment?
Ans: The most obvious example of these vascular spore plants is that they were ecologically dominant and produced only one type of spore for reproduction.
38. The gymnosperms were the first group of plants to produce – cones and seeds.
39. What does the term "naked seed" refer to? It refers to gymnosperms
40. Flowering plants with seeds evolved about 140 million years ago and they coevolved with Triassic age.
41. What are two pieces of evidence supporting the contention that flowers evolved from branch buds? The evidence is that flower buds start appearing on the stem and the buds remain in the stem for some period of time.
42. What are the two fundamental characteristics of Angiosperms? Ans: 1. They have developed flowers and fruits. 2. They have developed xylem and phloem tissues.
Note: When reading or thinking about answer to questions pertaining to flower structure and terminology refer to the inside cover of Botany in a Day!!
43. Stamens are the male fertilizing organ of the flower while the pistils are the female fertilizing organ of the flower.
44. What are the three major parts of the pistil? Ans: style, stigma and the ovary
45. What evolutionary story does the flower of the water lily tell? The story that is told is the evolution of the flowering plants or angiosperms from the seed bearing plants without flowers or gymnosperm.
46. True or False. Deciduous and perennial vegetation patterns may be an adaptation for surviving in harsh climates.-True
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47. What are the two classes of flowering plants? List five primary differences.
The two classes are monocots and dicots. Monocots have one cotyledon while dicots have two. Monocots have floral parts in threes while dicots have in fours or fives. monocots have parallel leaf veins while dicots have netlike leaf veins. Monocots have pollens with one pore while dicots have pollens with three pores. In monocots the vascular bundles are spread throughout the ground tissue while in dicots they are formed as a ring.
Ans: They are the largest angiosperm family and is known for their flower heads and one seeded achene fruits.
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48. True or False. If a plant has both parallel veins in the leaves and the floral parts in multiple of 3s then
the plant is a
monocot.-
True
49. Evolution of the flower from simple or "primitive" flowers to more advanced forms usually followed the
pattern of? Ans: genetic multiplication.
50. What makes the aster family unique?
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)The University of La Verne, established in 1891, is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
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COURSE EDUC_713R BOTANY BASICS
Assignment 2: Botany for Gardeners
Name: Stephen Eaton
Address: 25 Franklin St #2718, Westport, CT 06880
As you begin this section, take a few minutes to learn basic botanical terminology. It is important to know that some commonly used words for describing plant parts (e.g., bud, blade, leaflet, shoot, branch, twig,
stem, root, petal, node, meristem, sepal) have been popularized but do not always reflect correct botanical usage. Thus, while reading this book, pause and study each new word or term (generally in italics) as it is introduced. Ask yourself if you know this word and if the definition given in the book concurs with your
understanding of the word. If the answer is yes, then you can read on; however, if you didn’t know the word or your understanding was different than the usage given in the text, then think about that difference in
meaning and why you won’t confuse the word in the future. If it is a totally new word or term, spend a moment with it and try to establish some relationship as to how it fits into your overall knowledge base,
specifically as it applies to plants and botany. Spend your time learning the fundamental terms as these are necessary for completing Assignment 3.
Read pages 9-246 in Botany for Gardeners (Glossary pp 247-260) and answer the following questions.
Part I Growth
1. Animals typically have a growth pattern with genetic limits to body size. However, plants typically display
___distinct growth pattern limited largely by the availability of cell division.
2. What are the four fundamental qualities that define life?
They are response to the environment, growth and development, reproduction, energy processing.
3. The living part of the cell is called the protoplasm, which consists of two basic parts the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
4. The function of the cytoplasmic membrane is to separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
5. Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis unique to plants and the place where they grow.
6. What is the function of the following:
Mitochondria: breaks dwon carbohydrates and fatty acids to generate energy, called as the power house of the cell.
Ribosome: protein synthesis.
Nucleus: contains the genetic information and regulates other cell activities.
Vacuole: storage of water
Plasmodesmata: help in intercellular communication.
7. The middle lamella consists of calcium and magnesium pectates, which binds the cells together.
8. True or False. Cell wall growth is like an act of suicide that eventually kills the protoplasm and ends cell wall thickening.-True
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9. In a mature living tree as much as 80% of its trunk and branches are composed of dead cells,
including those that conduct water.
10. The primary cell wall is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose and in some hardwoods pectin    may be added, which is a
hardening substance.
11. Plant growth is accomplished in two ways: elongation, which is dictated by the arrangement of stems     ,
and roots via mitosis.
12. Plant cell growth occurs in well-defined areas called apices, and those found at the apex of each stem
and root are referred to as primary growth.
13. What's the difference between primary and secondary growth and how are they functionally different?
Ans: primary growth occurs by the action of apical meristem while the secondary growth occurs due to the action of lateral meristem. Primary growth helps in the growth of longitudinal axis and the secondary growth helps to grow radially.
14. The thickness and hardness of the seed coat determines how water can penetrate the seed and also how quickly the seed can germinate.
15. Why is scarification necessary and what are at least three natural methods of seed scarification? Ans: Scarification is the process of weakening of the seed coat to encourage germination. Three methods are mechanical, thermal and chemical methods.
16. What are the three primary advantages to the plant for attracting animals to eat your fruit? Ans: The three primary advantages are dispersal of seeds, taking the seeds to different places for germination, seed scarification to help in faster germination.
17. The illustration is of a typical bean seed with one cotyledon and the seed coat removed. Label the following parts using arrows to delineate the parts.
1. Leaves 2. Stem. 3. Root or radicle 4. Plant embryo 5. Cotyledon.
(
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)Plant embryo:
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)Stem:
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)Leaves:
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)Radicle:
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)Coltyledon:
18. What is the endosperm and what is its function? Ans: Endosperm is the part of a seed which stores food to help the developing embryo. This contains starch with proteins and other necessary nutrients for embryo growth.
19. As a general rule why should you never plant a seed deeper than its length? Ans: because if we plant a seed deeper than it becomes difficult for them to germinate and come out of the soil .
20. What are the three vital elements for seed germination?
Ans: the three vital elements are adequate supply of moisture, adequate supply of oxygen and favorable thermal conditions.
21. Seed dormancy and viability is a balance between maintaining the viability of its cells, but if a seed
completely dries out it loses its capacity to germinate.
22. (
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)True or False. Some seeds can remain viable for hundreds to thousands of years. -True
23. What is happening when initially a seedling plant is heterotrophic and then changes to an autotroph? Ans: when the plant initially is heterotrophic than it obtains its food and nutrients from other plants or organisms but when they become autotroph than they can produce their own food for their survival.
24. (
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)True or False. Germination officially ends when the radicle emerges from the soil. -False
25. What are the reasons for staggered germination and why is it important to the plants survival? Ans: Staggered germination is useful as it prolongs the harvest and keeps the plants growing at reasonable pace and also maintain soil quality.
26. Why is it difficult to grow crops near walnut trees? Ans: Walnut trees contain a chemical named juglone which is harmful for other crops and do not allow them to thrive well.
27. What is stratification and how is it done artificially? Ans: It is the process when seeds are placed close to each other in moist sand layers or peats to help them germinate and also to preserve them for longer time.
28. You are the head botanists at the world famous Kew Gardens and you have received a supply of
unknown seeds. In...