Hello I have 3 papers due tomorrow by 9am. I need a paper about “Issues in epistemology(Blackburn chapter 1, Nagel chapter 2” on skepticisms : must include; issues in epistemology, empiricism,...

Students last name
13
Student name
University
Lecturer
Course module
Introduction of Philosophy
Introduction
The well-known word philosophy comes from Greek. This “Philosophy” word is a combination of two words that is “Philo” which defines “love”. On the other hand, “Sophia” defines wisdom’. In short, it can be said that “Love of Wisdom ''. This is an investigation process of knowledge through the vast area of the universe, mind, and body. The philosopher can use the methodic doubt, argument and reality to overview the way they think. In philosophy the main way to overview any idea or thinking is Logic. This is a fundamental tool to resolve the philosophical issue. Logic is itself a formulated study with its valid reference of practical scenarios.‘Philosophy’- when anyone hears this word the first question which arises in his mind is about the meaning of it. To some people, it doesn’t have any value but to some other people, it is the truth behind the existence of one’s life. The issues in epistemology including knowledge, truth, criticism will be discussed in this study. More theories and problems of dualism and issues in metaphysics will also be discussed through this study. Metaphysics is one of the foundation parts of philosophy which deals with the theory of the existence of life and the existence of the world.
Issues in epistemology
The nature of the epistemological question
Epistemology engages philosophers to construct a theory with the nature of knowledge. From this, the epistemological questions arrive. Mainly when others are trying to look for disciplines to add to human knowledge, philosophers try to describe what actual knowledge is. When a human being is asking a question by knowing something about it for the justification of knowledge, an epistemological question arises. Epistemological questions naturally arise from the doubt of any requirement of knowledge, when it is said to believe an intellectual person (Walshaw and Margaret, 2018). Traditionally epistemological questions are constructed from the debate between a man who doubts some accepted beliefs and an epistemologist who claims to justify the question which is meeting the actual knowledge.                                
Truth and knowledge
In epistemology, truth strives to inspect the notion of truth in terms of epistemic ideas such as trust, knowledge, confirmation, argument and perspective. In Philosophy, truth is the property of sentence declarations, propositions and thoughts that are said, in usual conversation, to concur with the facts or to describe what is the case (Tavernaro-Haidarian and Leyla, 2018). Truth is the thing of being in agreement with fact. Truth describes things that focus on representing real facts such as beliefs, declarative phrases, and propositions. There are three main theories of truth in philosophy, those are correspondence, semantic theory, and deflationary theory.
The study of knowledge in philosophy is called epistemology. Knowledge means conceptual and practical understanding of a topic. Knowledge can be direct or indirect; formal or informal. There are three types of knowledge in philosophy: procedural, personal, and propositional. Propositional knowledge concerns philosophers.
Empiricism, rationalism and scepticism
In philosophy, it is stated that empiricism is theoretical thought or theory which comes from sensory experience. It is also one of the parts of epistemology along with rationalism and scepticism (Martin and Raymond, 2019). Empiricism punctuates agreeing on honest evidence in the form of several ideas, rather than intrinsic ideas. Rationalism is a philosophical concept. In philosophy, rationalism is an epistemological view which states that the standard of the truth is not sensitive but knowledgeable and judicial also.
Scepticism arrives from the disbelief in belief. In western philosophy, scepticism is the meaning of doubted knowledge and those who question the reliability and the actual principle of various knowledge are called “sceptics”     
Descartes’ project, method, and results
Descartes’ central philosophical project was to make a theory of ethics. His theory can be applied to our knowledge of normal physical objects and incidents that are happening around us (Turri, John et al. 2017). Descartes is famous for his philosophical statement “I think, therefore I am”.
Descartes’ method made with four rules
· Don’t accept anything as true that has no self-evidence.
· Split problems into their easiest part.
· Resolve the problem by processing from.
As a result, Descartes' epistemological project discovers a new foundation of the system of philosophical knowledge. Descartes expresses his doubt deeply in this epistemological field except for mathematics.
Criticism
Criticism is one type of natural investigation. This type of investigation follows knowledge by avoiding scepticism and dogmatism. Generally, it adopts a critical attitude by applying a philosophical theory (Reiss and Timothy, 2019). In epistemology, criticism opposes dogmatism and scepticism and aims to make evident characteristics of knowledge. The primary task of philosophy is criticism rather than justification of knowledge, in criticism the judgement of knowledge is based on the possibilities proceeding the knowledge itself.                 
Hume’s alternative standpoint
Hume was known for his empiricism and scepticism in...