Health Behavior, Communication, and Advocacy
In consideration of Sara’s privacy and in an effort to educate members of the organization of the possible outbreak, what strategies/steps should the Department of Human Resources (HR) do to ensure health information is provided to all stakeholders? Explain each strategy and offer concrete information to support your viewpoint.
Explain the implications of this problem for the stakeholders involved in this home health organization. Be sure to compare and contrast the implications for the different stakeholders and give special attention to the residents that Sara visited in their homes.
Length: 3-4 pages, excluding title page and references.
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I need 4 pages, APA, 5-6 intext citations, and 5-6 references
The situation seems serious as there is a confrontational vibe in the air towards Sara, who was diagnosed with Tuberculosis, but later was discharged from her treatment. She started her professional life again but felt she was discriminated against as she experienced seclusion from her peers. Her colleagues somehow found out her situation through the Human Resource department. Then after things were already going bad, one of her colleagues started displaying similar symptoms (CDC, 2016). In the light of such circumstances, as an Assistant Manager of the Home Health Care Agency, I have been bestowed upon the responsibility to gauge if the matter was handled by the agency in an efficient manner or not. As a result, I must do thorough research and an investigation to grasp the situation better. I would first try to determine the nature of the disease. I will research if TB is a contagious/ non-contagious disease and if it is chronic in nature (CDC, 2016). Furthermore, I would further evaluate the severity/prognosis of the disease in the presence/absence of medication. The further complications that might arise in the future, even if a patient is deemed TB-free. As I gain knowledge about the disease, it would help me to understand the gravity of the matter better. The next step, I would interview Sara and ask her about conditions right from the start, that is how she first developed the symptoms and how she handled it initially, did she simply let it go unattended, or she sought external help (from an agency, medications, etc). Once, she was diagnosed with TB, how did her treatment go and how did the agency respond to her case. This will help me understand Sara’s perspective. Finally as the HR Manager: Sara’s workers got word of the situation through the HR department; hence I would ask them if they did so as per the protocols of the organization. Is it okay to disclose confidential information about a worker or what is perceived as confidential information as per their definition? This would help me gain insight into the organization’s ways of handling such matters. There is a need to know if Sara’s medical record compromised. It is everyone’s right to protect and safeguard a patient’s PHI and PII. Reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tuberculosis: Basic TB Facts. Retrieved 12 Aug 18 from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Tuberculosis: Signs & Symptoms. Retrieved 12 Aug 18 from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/signsandsymptoms.htm Health Behavior, Communication, and Advocacy Modular Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to satisfy the following outcomes: · Case · Identify relevant health behavior(s) contributing to risk factors for contracting a communicable disease. · Locate resources for tracking and monitoring health-related activities specific to communicable diseases. · SLP · Discuss the effects and the implications for various groups of stakeholders. · Discussion · Identify and discuss the different approaches used by management to undercover the causal factors of a problem within an organization. Module Overview This module relates to what you have learned about health behaviors, risk factors, health communication strategies, and role of leaders for identifying and addressing identified organizational problems. Health Behavior, Communication, and Advocacy Required Reading Bates, B. R. (2016). Health communication and mass media: An integrated approach to policy and practice. Farnham, GB: Routledge. Campbell, J. R., Sasitharan, T., & Marra, F. (2015). A systematic review of studies evaluating the cost utility of screening high-risk populations for latent tuberculosis infection. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 13(4), 325-340. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC). Retrieved from https://emergency.cdc.gov/CERC/#tabs-1198595-2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) Basics. [Card]. Retrieved from https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/resources/pdf/basic_cerc_zcard.pdf Pigg, R. M., Stellefson, M. L., & Paige, S. R. (2015). Will genomics alter risk assessment methodology in health behavior research? American Journal Of Health Studies, 30(3), 146-150. Pierannunzi C, Xu F, Wallace RC, Garvin W, Greenlund KJ, Bartoli W, et al. (2016). A methodological approach to small area estimation for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Prev Chronic Dis, 13, 150480. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.150480 Stevens, A.C., Courtney-Long, E.A., Okoro, C.A., & Carroll, D.D. (2016). Comparison of 2 disability measures, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis,13, 160080. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160080 Zamudio, C., Krapp, F., Choi, H. W., Shah, L., Ciampi, A., Gotuzzo, E. . . . Brewer, T. F. (2015). Public transportation and tuberculosis transmission in a high incidence setting. PLoS One, 10(2) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115230 Optional Reading Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/about/index.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Tuberculosis (TB) prevention. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbprevention.htm Public Health, Epidemiology, and Health Statistics 2 Senior Capstone Cleavon Battie AUG2018FT- BHS 499 Module 1 SLP Assignment Dr. Roy Constantine 18 Aug 2018 History of Tuberculosis from Past till Present Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to mankind, caused by Mycobacterium bacterium. It is a communicable, contagious and infectious disease, which usually affects the lungs, but it can affect other body parts including the spine, the brain and the kidneys. The most common symptoms include chest pain, weight loss, high fever, night sweating, and cough with sputum or blood. The historical documents confirm that this disease has been affecting humans for over 15,000 years, but the real cause and treatment is not clearly understood, which resulted in the misunderstanding about the cause of the disease until nearly the early 20th century. There was a debate among professionals about the real cause of Tuberculosis, one group claimed that disease was hereditary, while other faction believed it to be infectious (Yuen, Kammerer, Marks, Navin, & France, 2016). In 1882, Robert Koch in his research paper announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it was confirmed that it is an infectious disease, enhanced by poor sanitary conditions and high crowded-situations. As stated by Byron (2016), once the cause of the disease was known, the rates of tuberculosis steadily declined largely due to improved sanitary conditions and separating the general population from infectious patients. Despite isolating the bacterium, it took nearly half a decade for the development of a feasible treatment regime. The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine was developed and first used on humans in 1921 and gained popularity (Miramontes et al., 2015). However, Mycobacterium is a very resilient organism and has the potential to mutate and develop resistance, if the drug course is not strictly followed. In the recent past, there has been a resurgence in the Tuberculosis cases, particularly in developing nations. This resurgence is not only due to crowded settings or poor sanitary conditions, but also due to disease which attacks the immune system of the patient such as HIV/AIDS. It is believed that nearly one-third of the world’s population is infected by the bacterium, and the majority of them are asymptomatic infections, therefore, today it is more than ever important to diagnose the type of strain and whether it is drug resistant or not. Today, Tuberculosis cases are not restricted to poor nations only, but cases are re-emerging in the US as well, and this is largely due to increased inter-continental movement of the people to infected regions who may piggyback the bacterium during the return journey. The cases of drug-resistant variants are increasing, which are called by the names-- Multi-drug resistant (MDR), Extensively-drug resistant (XDR) and Totally-drug resistant (TDR). This has considerably enhanced the challenges for the medical professionals to research and develop some new drug for treatment. For the global elimination of the disease, it is important for the nations to cooperate and work towards realizing the goal of World Health Organization, which has launched an initiative to end TB in the world by 2035. Devising strategy for this initiative requires work along factors: prevention, early diagnosis, research and patient-centric care (Taylor, Bergmire-Sweat & Suarez, 2015). A statistical study of Tuberculosis cases in the state of Texas since 1980 Year Number of Incidences of Tuberculosis Rate per 100,000 population 1980 2,075 11.2 1985 2,156 10.8 1993 2,396 13.3 2000 1,506 7.2 2005 1,535 6.7 2010 1,385 5.5 2011 1,325 5.2 2017 1,127 4.5 Table 1: Incidents of Tuberculosis (Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016) Total Percentage decline in the Tuberculosis incidences (1980- 2017) = 45.6% Total decline in the Rate of incidences per 100,000 population (1980-2017) = 59.8% Analysis of Tuberculosis cases in Texas State Among all the states in the US, four states, Florida, California, New York and Texas, contributes one-third of the population and accounts for more than half (50.1%) of the Tuberculosis cases. From the Table 1, it is evident that there has been a significant decline in the Tuberculosis cases from 1980 to 2017 of about 45.6% and a decline in the rate per 100,000 population of about 59%. In Texas, Tuberculosis screening was introduced after it was identified that most of the cases were from foreign-born patients. One of the reasons for a high number of TB incidences in Texas is its geographical location. As mentioned by Abdelbary, Garcia-Viveros, Ramirez- Oropesa, Rahbar, and Restrepo (2016), cases were higher along the Texas-Mexico border than in the rest of the state. Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) provides TB treatment medications to health clinics across the state. It was realized that even though the disease is contagious, it can be controlled if there