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HAT201 T2 2019 Week 8Page1 Journal Entry Template Student Name: _____________________________________________ Student ID:________________________ Campus:________________________ The summary of the economic, environmental, social, and cultural impacts by evaluating its overall effect on the sustainability of Vietnam as a destination (200 to 300 words, no more). Please write your journal entry below: 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COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Kaplan Business School pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (‘Act’). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Kaplan Business School is a part of Kaplan Inc., a leading global provider of educational services. Kaplan Business School Pty Ltd ABN 86 098 181 947 is a registered higher education provider CRICOS Provider Code 02426B. HAT201_T1_ 2020_Workshop_07_v1 HAT201 Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism Sustainable Tourism Workshop 7 Copyright Notice COPYRIGHT COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Kaplan Higher Education pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice Learning Objectives 1. Understand how the idea of sustainable tourism has evolved. 2. Explore the various concepts and definitions of sustainable tourism. 3. Discuss the different types of sustainable tourism. 4. Understand the underpinning principles of sustainable tourism. 5. Explore contemporary approaches to implementing sustainable tourism. This Topic’s Big Idea “Unrestricted tourism growth could lead to the positive economic effects of tourism being outweighed by significant social and environmental disadvantages’’ What is Sustainability? ‘a process that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ Development – here the issue is the compatibility of sustainable development with economic growth Needs – focusing around issues of equity and distribution of resources Future generations – where the issue is that the income of future generations should not be less than the current generations and that current generations have a responsibility of stewardship for both social and natural ‘capital’. The three pillars of sustainable system Economic Sustainability - revolves around the concept of the enterprise supporting jobs and delivering income to communities in the long term. Social Sustainability - focuses upon sharing benefits fairly and equitably and respecting the quality of life of communities and of human rights Environmental Sustainability focuses upon stewardship of resources and managing and conserving the environment, and will involve the notion of ‘limits to growth’ Muller’s sustainability pentagon Workshop Activity Some researchers suggest that there should be a fourth pillar based upon carbon, but this is not yet generally accepted. What is your opinion? Should we tax hospitality and tourism businesses and tourists on the use of carbon? Provide reasons for your answer. Share your thoughts with the rest of the class. A continuum of sustainable tourism Hunter’s typology can be seen as a continuum, where tourism is strong at one end and sustainability is strong at the other. Sustainable tourism positions Position Features Polar opposite In the early 1990s, sustainable tourism was seen as the polar opposite of mass tourism, and different forms of alternative tourism, including ecotourism, were seen as the answer to sustainability. Continuum During the 1990s, the polar opposite position was rejected as too simplistic and replaced by the idea of a continuum of tourism approaches from mass tourism to sustainable tourism. Movement Eventually, it was recognised that all forms of tourism should be sustainable, including the movement of mass tourism towards a sustainable model, rethinking scale and applying ideas to achieve this. Convergence All tourism should be sustainable - very much the goals of the UNWTO’s sustainable tourism unit. Hunter’s four main categories of sustainable tourism Sustainable development through a tourism imperative – where: - tourism is a priority for poverty alleviation - tourism replaces an environmentally degrading activity such as open cast mining - the development of tourism can prevent the development of other environmentally degrading activities Sustainable tourism through product-led tourism Sustainable tourism through environment-led tourism Sustainable development through neotenous tourism The main principles of Sustainable Tourism • ensure that all forms of tourism are sustainable • take a ‘whole of destination’ approach • balance global and local impacts • ensure tourists are aware of the issue and pursue sustainable consumption • make optimal use of environmental resources • develop cultural richness of the destination by respecting the socio-cultural integrity and authenticity of host communities • conserve tangible and intangible heritage • ensure that businesses are economically viable over the long term • involve all stakeholders at the destination • ensure community well-being such that communities benefit from tourism • provide a high-quality tourist experience to maintain high levels of tourist satisfaction • green economy and to minimise its carbon footprint • stewardship, professionalism and ethics Workshop Activity Let’s watch the following video about sustainable tourism in Mexico: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mSbrXBxxuM Based on the video information, which sustainable development category/is do Mexico’s local people adopt? Provide reasons for your answer. Share your thoughts with the rest of the class. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mSbrXBxxuM Implementation of Sustainability Type of Instrument Examples Command and control Legislation regulation and licensingLand use planning and development control Voluntary instruments Certification schemes and self-declarations Private sector Guidelines and codes of conduct Reporting and auditing Certification and ecolabels Awards Private sector policies and associations Economic instruments Taxes and charges – particularly through the ‘polluter pays’ principle Financial agreements and incentives Supporting instruments Infrastructure provision and management Capacity building Marketing and information services Measurement and monitoring instruments Indicators Benchmarking Carrying capacity Stakeholder mapping for sustainability Sector Stakeholders Public Local authorities and officials National, regional and local agencies and officials Management agencies for cultural and natural heritage Private sector companies – here the issues are not simply profit but also public image and corporate social responsibility and their impact upon the environment Intermediaries Accommodation, food and beverage Transportation Producers and suppliers Trade organisation and chambers of trade NGOs Environmental and conservation groupsCommunity development groups Communities, who are concerned to protect their quality of life Local environmental and conservation groups Property owners Consumer associations Tourists are seeking quality experiences, but also safe environments and reassurance about destination stewardship Tourists Tourism pressure groups Contemporary Tools in Sustainable Tourism To be effective, visitor management should be integrated into the management of every destination. This can be done through a variety of mechanisms: • government funding • visitor revenue – entrance fees, parking, special events, donations and visitor payback • business revenue – concession fees – accommodation, equipment rental, food and beverage, retail • other forms of revenue – licensing images, publications The Role of Government In tourism, the role of government is important because: • the sector is fragmented and a coordination role is needed • the sector lacks leadership and this is a role that government can play • there is often a need for some public funding for sustainability initiatives, • many vulnerable elements of the destination – coasts, wetlands, small islands or the built heritage are in public ownership • government has the mandate to regulate, plan and legislate. Earth Summit: Agenda 21 It reflects contemporary thinking on sustainable development in two ways: •Whilst tourism is the focus of many Agenda 21 plans in, for example, resorts, small islands and in heritage towns, tourism also forms an integral part of other Agenda 21 initiatives stressing the need for ‘whole of destination’ management. •Projects involve not only government but also NGOs (such as the World Wildlife Fund) and the private sector stressing the need for all stakeholders to be involved. Workshop Activity Based on the previous workshop activity about Mexico, discuss which role should the government play in helping locals to grow its sustainable practices. Share your thoughts with the rest of the class. A model of visitor management Approaching Visitor Management • Destination Objectives – why do we want to attract visitors to this destination? • Destination Demand and Marketing – the profile and numbers of visitors attracted to the destination • Capacity and Activity Zones – Determination of capacity – Avoidance of conflicting uses in the same area Approaching Visitor Management (Cont.) • Visitor Control – Ensuring that the capacity levels are not exceeded • Monitoring – a formal questionnaire with the visitor to elicit their level of enjoyment; – the more cost-effective approach of debriefing of destination staff on a regular basis to check all is well; or – many of the larger theme parks have constant monitoring through devices including electronic eyes and turnstiles Visitor Management Options Hard management Soft management Negative signing Interpretation, guiding and use of information on mobile devices Fencing Marketing Charging Landscaping and planning Zoning Signing Security measures Location of facilities Technological progress in visitor management Watch Me: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GogwCXaPIXA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GogwCXaPIXA Workshop Activity In your opinion, which visitor management options are best in addressing the environmental damage caused by overtourism in Maya Bay, Thailand: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NROGo1McMrY Share your thoughts with the rest of the class https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NROGo1McMrY Sustainable Tourism Indicators Information sets which are formally selected for a regular use to measure changes in key assets and issues of tourism destinations and sites Indicators can be used to measure: • changes in tourism at the destination itself • changes in the external environment which impact upon the destination • impacts caused by tourism at the destination. Types of Sustainability Indicators Type of measurement Indicator Quantitative Data – number of tourists, bed nights, carbon emissions Ratios – ratio of tourists to residents Percentages – occupancy levels, trained staff, change in tourist numbers Qualitative Category indices – level of protection Normative indicators – existence of recycling plan, yes or no Nominal indicators – ecolabelling, certification Opinion-based indicators – level of satisfaction of tourists, residents’ tolerance of tourists Advantages of using sustainable indicators: facilitate better decision-making involve the host community identify emerging issues at the destination identify tourism impacts facilitate performance measurement of plans or strategies