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HAT201 T2 2019 Week 7Page2 Journal Entry Template Student Name: _____________________________________________ Student ID:________________________ Campus:________________________ The summary of the social and cultural impacts identified in the case study (200 to 300 words, no more). Please write your journal entry below: 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Student Name: _____________________________________________ Student ID:________________________ Campus:________________________ 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COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Kaplan Business School pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (‘Act’). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Kaplan Business School is a part of Kaplan Inc., a leading global provider of educational services. Kaplan Business School Pty Ltd ABN 86 098 181 947 is a registered higher education provider CRICOS Provider Code 02426B. HAT201_T1_ 2020_Workshop_05_v1 HAT201 Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism The Social and Cultural Consequences of Hospitality and Tourism Workshop 5 Copyright Notice COPYRIGHT COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Kaplan Higher Education pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice Learning Objectives 1. Understand the role of the tourist, the host and the encounter. 2. Explore the importance of the concept of the demonstration effect. 3. Discuss the theoretical frameworks developed to understand the relationship between hosts and guests. 4. Understand the consequences of hospitality and tourism for host societies. 5. Understand the process and result of cultural change brought about by tourism. This Topic’s Big Idea “As tourism reaches out to ever more distant and exotic locations, often in lesser- developed countries, the consequences of visitation upon the host community and their culture has become an important issue” Social and Cultural Consequences Tourists – responsible for change in the host society by ‘demonstrating’ their difference in terms of language, culture and affluence. The travel experience also changes both the tourist and their society. Hosts – deliver the tourism experience at the destination and are exposed to the tourists through working and living at the destination. The encounter or ‘contact’ between tourist and host – when the two groups meet there are contrasts of behaviour and expectations which trigger long-term changes and consequences in both societies. • the ‘social distance’ between the two groups Type of Tourist Characteristics Adaptation to local conditions Numbers Explorer Academics or explorers, totally accepting of local conditions and self- sufficient in term of food and equipment. They are virtually unnoticed by the destination Adapts fully Small Elite A group who has seen the world and is now looking for something different. They adapt easily to local conditions Adapts fully small Off-beat This group is more a conventional tourist who looks for some added extras to a holiday. They adapt well to local conditions. Their money is welcome, and they are not disruptive Adapts well Increasing numbers Incident mass Greater numbers, but they visit in small groups or as individuals – they are seeking comforts of home but do not demand them. More dependent on the services of a tour operator Seeks their own amenities Steady flow Type of Tourists Characteristics Adaptation to local conditions Numbers Mass Large number of tourist, bringing their own uncompromising values and expectations. They expect multilingual guides, their own language and food. Expects their own amenities Continuous influx Enlightened Mass A growing group of 21st century tourist who are sensitised to the destination by corporate social responsibility initiatives, interpretation, guiding, and information, and transformative experiences at the destination Sensitised to the destination community and culture Growing numbers Charter This is a mass tourism group, arriving in large numbers, often highly seasonal but demanding of their own culture, food and facilities. They have travelled but do not want the character of the destination to interfere with their enjoyment. Totally dependent of the services of travel trader Demands their own facilities Large number of arrivals The relationship between tourist, destinations and tolerance levels Hosts Extrinsic Factors (for the destination itself) • extent/stage of tourism development • nature/type of tourism/tourists • density of tourists/tourism development • seasonality • national stage of development Intrinsic Factors (of the individual host) • economic/employment dependency on tourism • community attachment • distance from tourism zone • interaction with tourists • personal values • social identity/social status • demographic – age, gender, education Hosts Concerns • Traffic congestion • Litter • Overcrowding • Other perceived impacts upon: • Religion • Crime • Language • The general way of life of the destination. Residents respond to tourism through particular ‘coping’ behaviours in the tourism season, such as changing their shopping habits. Workshop Activity Assess the impact of hospitality and tourism on the host culture of a destination with which you are familiar by identifying the main host concerns. Share your thoughts with the rest of the class. The Encounter The contact can happen in a number of ways: • simply by being in the same place, in the street, or on the beach • through commercial transactions such as shopping • through spontaneous meeting and chatting, which is what is meant when people talk of travel broadening the mind. Encounter more often than not is a commercial transaction. The encounter is not an equal experience for both parties: • Tourists are at their leisure, mobile, have money to spend and being served whilst on holiday • The host is working hard, catering to the needs of the tourist, tied to their workplace The Demonstration Effect During the encounter, tourists often ‘demonstrate’ to the host that they are different by their dress, behaviour, manners and language, and come from a culture which the hosts should aspire to. Types of encounters The consequences of the encounter: Doxey’s irridex Workshop Activity Analyse the process of the ‘encounter’ from your own holiday experience – how accurate is the statement that true ‘equal’ encounters between host and guest are rare? Explain your reasoning. Share your thoughts with the rest of the class. Host attitudinal/behavioural responses to tourist activity Levels of cultural penetration, Wuzhen, China The consequences for the Host Community • Social Structure – the quality of jobs and seasonality – the socially divisive issue of immigrant labour • Relocation of Hosts – E.g. Villagers from Ayia Napa, Cyprus had to relocate due to the high level of tourism and disruption to the community • Language – Potential standardisation of a language at destinations, threatening minority languages and driving through languages such as English and Spanish • Residents Lifestyle – foster pride in local communities – enhance community spirit and values – assisting in community renewal Workshop Activity Conduct Google search to find a recent example of destinations’ host community dissatisfaction with hospitality and tourism activity. What are the main consequences that this host community is experiencing? Share your example with the rest of the class. Political Considerations • Legislation and regulation – Employment – Health and safety at work – Contact and trading – Trade unions – Tax – Green Initiatives and Conservation • Economic Policy – Taxation and expenditure policies • Government owned businesses – e.g. Airlines • Government international policy – Exchange rates – International trade Morals ‘Historically, tourism has been associated with low moral standards including prostitution, crime and gambling’ Sex tourism is a controversial consequence of the fact that tourists are strangers in the destinations where the moral climate of home is absent. A number of factors that link tourism to the sex industry: • Tourism creates spaces where sex tourism can flourish • Tourism employment for women liberalises them from home and they may then choose to enter the sex industry • Tourism is attracted to the poorer countries of the world where locals may be forced into the sex industry to survive • Some destinations, such as Thailand, have become recognised locations for sex tourism The processes of Cultural Change ‘The Cultural Impacts - those which lead to a longer- term, gradual change in a society’s values, beliefs and cultural practices’ As an attraction, culture can be viewed along three dimensions: Material culture, which includes architecture, monuments, buildings, souvenirs, crafts, literature and paintings; Normal daily life, which includes local cuisine, everyday life in the destination and the lifestyle of the local people; and Animated forms of culture that include theatre, festivals and events, some of which may be re-enacted or specially staged for the visitor The degree of Cultural Change Cultural change from tourism occurs through: • the demonstration effect through the intermingling of hosts and guest • employment of expatriates in the hospitality and tourism sectors • visibility of undesirable activities such as gambling • erosion of local culture and sometimes language !Commercialisation! Indigenous People ‘The curiosity of tourists to see how others live can easily become voyeurism and there is the danger of the ‘encounter’ being reduced to viewing the ‘savages’ of, say, African tribes or South Pacific islands with hints of old colonial relationships’ Image adopted from: Kranstover, G 2014, Deteriorating Cultures: The destructive effects of Tribal Tourism, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, viewed 12th of June 2017 http://www.coha.org/deteriorating-cultures-the-destructive- effects-of-tribal-tourism/ e.g. Tribal Tourism http://www.coha.org/deteriorating-cultures-the-destructive-effects-of-tribal-tourism/ Workshop Activity Form pairs or small groups: • For a destination with which you are familiar, draw up a balance sheet of positive and negative social and cultural consequences of hospitality and tourism. • Did you reach a balance? Yes/no, provide reasons for your thoughts. Assessment 2 Open Assessment 2 Guide via MyKBS. Individually prepare the first handwritten journal entry of 200 to 300 words. In writing this entry, you must summarise the economic and environmental impacts identified in the case study. Please remember that you will need to utilise theories and concepts from week 4 workshop. At the end of the class, you will be required to hand in your journal entry to your workshop facilitator, no exceptions. Next