Give some examples of atomic or nuclear phenomena associated with particle spin.
Calculate rotational energy levels and photon emission energies for a carbon monoxide molecule (CO).
(a) Calculate the energies of the quantized rotational energy levels for the CO molecule. Estimate any quantities you
need. See discussion of diatomic molecules in the section on quantized angular momentum; the parameter l has
values 0, 1, 2, 3 ….
(b) Describe the emission spectrum for electromagnetic radiation emitted in transitions among the rotational CO energy
levels. Include a calculation of the lowest-energy emission in electron volts (1.6 × 10−19 J).
(c) It is transitions among “electronic” states of atoms that produce visible light, with photon energies on the order of a
couple of electron-volts. Each electronic energy level has quantized rotational and vibrational (harmonic oscillator)
energy sublevels. Explain why this leads to a visible spectrum that contains “bands” rather than individual energies.
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