Lab assignment
FungiLab_F19.pdf BIOL 151 – V.F19 p. 1 KINGDOM FUNGI & LICHENS I. TAXONOMY *Taxonomic terms in bold are important to know! Domain Eukarya (=Eucarya) A. Kingdom “Protista” B. Kingdom Plantae C. Kingdom Fungi 1. Phylum Zygomycota *Special Group: Lichens 2. Phylum Ascomycota 3. Phylum Basidiomycota D. Kingdom Animalia II. INTRODUCTION TO FUNGI Fungi are heterotophic eukaryotes specialized for absorbing nutrients from their surrounding environment. Fungal cells secrete digestive enzymes into food sources in the environment. These enzymes, called exoenzymes, break down large food molecules into smaller components that a fungus easily absorbs. While some fungi are unicellular (i.e. yeasts), most individuals exist as a multicellular mass of thin filaments growing through a food source. The entire mass of filaments is the feeding body, which is called a mycelium. The individual filaments that form the mycelium are called hyphae (s. = hypha). Many fungi reproduce either asexually or sexually; however, both types of reproduction often involve production of fungal spores (n). Different fungal groups are characterized by distinct macroscopic and microscopic structures associated with spore production. 1. What is the nutritional mode for fungi? _____________________________________________________ 2. Explain how the structure of a mycelium is adaptive for the fungal nutritional mode. LABORATORY ACTIVITIES: Examine feeding and reproductive structures in different groups of fungi. PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA – bread molds, etc. 1. Examine a mycelium of Rhizopus growing on a plate. This specimen is on display under the dissecting microscope. DO NOT OPEN THE PLATE! a) Identify the hyphae and sporangia. b) What is the function of sporangia? ___________________ c) Do the sporangia produce haploid or diploid spores? ____________________________________________ Rhizopus plate Rust p. 15 Freeman 5th/7th p. 629 / 624 Openstax p. 637, 639-640 BIOL 151 – V.F19 p. 2 2. Examine asexual reproduction in Rhizopus. View the Rhizopus slide under the compound microscope. Identify the following structures and know their functions: hyphae, sporangia, spores. Slide: “Rhizopus” PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA – cup fungi, morels, truffles, yeast, lichens 1. Examine ascocarps of the displayed cup fungi, including the preserved Morchella. Multicellular ascomycetes produce sexual spores in macroscopic fruiting bodies called ascocarps. 1. Draw and describe asexual reproduction (budding) in yeast (Saccharomyces). Instead of producing asexual spores, yeast undergo a special type of mitotic cell division called budding. In this process, a small daughter cell buds off the parent cell. Prepare a wet mount of live yeast, and view it using the compound microscope. (Close the iris diaphragm for best visibility.) Wet mount: budding yeast 3. Examine specimens of LICHENS. Lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between two different organisms. A symbiotic relationship occurs when two different species live in very close association with one another. In the case of lichens, the symbiotic relationship exists between a fungus (usually an ascomycete) and a photosynthetic organism (green algae or cyanobacteria). Lichens are diversely shaped. Common morphologies include crusts, leaf-like structures, or shrub-like structures. a) In a lichen, where are the photosynthetic cells located? _______________________________________________ b) How does each species benefit from the relationship? ________________________________________________ lichen specimens Rust p. 17 Freeman 5th/7th p. 631-632/625,618 Openstax p. 640-641, 649-651 BIOL 151 – V.F19 p. 3 PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA – mushrooms, shelf fungi, etc. Multicelluar basidiomycetes produce sexual spores in macroscopic fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. Specialized club-shaped cells, called basidia (s. = basidium), undergo meiosis to produce the sexual spores. The resulting spores are called basidiospores. 1. Examine a whole mushroom (a basidiocarp). a) Identify the stipe, cap, and gills. b) Spores are produced on which part of the basidiocarp? _____________________________________________ mushroom specimen 2. Examine and draw a cross-section of Coprinus, a mushroom. View the Coprinus slide under the compound microscope. a) Identify the following structures: stipe, cap, gills, basidia, basidiospores. b) How many basidiospores are associated with a single basidium? ______________________________ c) Are basidiospores haploid or diploid? ____________________ Slide: “Coprinus” 3. Examine the other types of basidiomycetes on display including the bird’s nest fungus. LIFE CYCLE: BASIDIOMYCOTA Rust p. 18 Freeman 5th/7th p. 630/625 Openstax p. 643-645