Fraudulent activity in research is a serious form of misconduct. However, smaller transgressions also take place. Even though they are not as serious as other activities like fabrication,...

Fraudulent activity in research is a serious form of misconduct. However, smaller transgressions also take place. Even though they are not as serious as other activities like fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism, these transgressions are still unpardonable and should invite strict prohibition. Which of the following would you consider serious enough to be classified as a “transgression”?

a.            Overlooking a student’s use of flawed data

b.            Setting aside contradicting new data in your own research for later use

c.             Changing the design halfway through your research

d.            Helping funding organizations get better results by using your research

e.            All the above