Fouling is costly for the following reasons: (a) an oversized exchanger (b) periodic cleaning (c) reduced on-time for the system/process (d) reduced heat transfer (i). Fouling has generally...

Fouling is costly for the following reasons:

(a) an oversized exchanger

(b) periodic cleaning

(c) reduced on-time for the system/process

(d) reduced heat transfer

(i). Fouling has generally significant influence on heat transfer in:

(a) compact heat exchangers

(c) liquid side of a heat exchanger